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Conclusions
Experimental Verification
Industrial Context - 1
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT) Plants
Gas turbines drive an electricity generator Engine exhaust waste heat recovered by a
Industrial Context - 2
Turbines are fuelled by gas at very
high pressures Liquid fuel system as back-up Turbines are contained within acoustic enclosures. Enclosures tend to be installationspecific designs
Industrial Context - 3
Each enclosure is divided into a number of compartments containing Auxiliary equipment Gas turbine and exhaust plenum Reduction gearing and the generation equipment. Auxiliary/GT/exhaust compartment is usually selfcontained, with a dedicated ventilation system
ventilation system removes some heat from the turbine casing Enables operatives to carry out readings and routine maintenance under operating conditions. However, enclosures remain a thermally hostile and noisome environment .
can accumulate to flammable proportions in poorly ventilated regions of the enclosures - dead zones OUTCOME - Big Bang REMEDY - Use the ventilating air to safely dilute and disperse any gas leakage. MOTIVATION - Legislation
Identify nature and potential sources of hazardous material releases Determine leak frequency and inventory of releases Investigate airflow characteristics identify "dead zones" Predict dispersion consequences safety-critical release scenarios Implement remedial measures
investigation of airflow characteristics is difficult within the confines of a turbine generator enclosure, especially under operational conditions.
Gas concentration level (S) detected by sensors for activating emergency response systems (typically 10%) Lower Explosive Limit (E) for the turbine fuel gas is around 5%. Maximum undetected leak is thus of magnitude 10% of LEL For compliance, ensuing flammable envelope (of the 50% LEL surface) must not exceed 0.1% of the compartment free volume.
1 - Abject failures
Increasing ventilation rate overhead pendant baffles twin outlets blowing air into the pit region
2 - Heroic failures
Reversed flow system
air supply through side door air extract through existing outlet other inlets blocked off
3 - Final Success !
The Corkscrew Strategy Close all existing inlets plate over grated walkway tops Single non-symmetric outlet Two inlet slots , one high, one low, cut in connecting doors 30-degree deflector plates create corkscrew effect
And so . . . . . . . . . .
This led on to . . . . . . . .
Geometry Representation - 1
Geometry Representation - 2
Findings - 1
The worst case leakage scenario, under cold start-up conditions, was a zero-momentum leakage from the flanges in front of the lowest can combustor
The flammable gas cloud with the reference ventilation arrangement was twenty five times larger than the target value (11 times larger if the accessory compartment volume was included)
Reference Configuration
{Flammable volume: 2.8% TC}
Reference Configuration
{Flammable volume: 2.8% TC}
Reference Configuration
{Flammable volume: 2.8% TC}
Reference Configuration
{Flammable volume: 2.8% TC}
Reference Configuration
{Flammable volume: 2.8% TC}
ventilating flowrate;
presence of internal geometric features; inlet flow manipulation.
Findings - 2
Increasing the ventilating air flow
by 25% had little effect on ventilation efficiency ( gas leak size increased proportionately ).
ventilating flowrate;
presence of internal geometric features; inlet flow manipulation.
ventilating flowrate;
presence of internal geometric features; inlet flow manipulation.
Final Configuration
{Flammable Volume: 0.2% TC}
Final Configuration
{Flammable Volume: 0.2% TC}
Final Configuration
{Flammable Volume: 0.2% TC}
Final Configuration
{Flammable Volume: 0.2% TC}
Final Configuration
{Flammable Volume: 0.2% TC}
Conclusions
Flammable cloud volumes of less than 0.1% of the free volume of the combined compartments are attainable (at least conceptually) . This would satisfy the current UK dispersion criterion. Compliance achieved without major structural changes to enclosure or to air delivery system.
Future Efforts
Confirm high velocities do not provoke thermal shock problems in hot operation Confirm required manipulation of inlet air supply is technically feasible (!) Use model to predict likely over-pressures arising from deflagration of the confined gas plume.
Experimental Verification
No quantitative data available. Qualitative
comparison - video footage of smoke tests on installations with similar internal geometries. Smoke trails confirm magnitude and direction of airflow in the region in front of the can flanges and around the front upper part of the turbine barrel
Patrick Phelps (Flowsolve Ltd) and Douglas Wylie (GEC Energy Services)
IPUC 7 - Luxembourg - May 2000