L1

OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

The Whole View

FIBER OPTICS TECHNOLOGY OTHER APPLICATIONS COMMUNICATION

MILITARY

SENSORS

MEDICAL

FIBER OPTICS

FREE SPACE OPTICS

LINK

P2MP

NETWORK

COMPONENTS

DEVICES

FIBERS AND CABLES

SUB-SYSTEMS

INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE

TEST & MEASUREMENT

TEST & MEASUREMENT

TEST & MEASUREMENT

TEST & MEASUREMENT

PART 1: TECHNOLOGIES

Objectives
1. To understand Light 2. To understand Fiber Optic

3. To understand their Applications

Contents
A. B. C. D. E. F. G. Light Fiber Optic Total Internal Reflection (TIR) Fiber Types Problems of Fiber Applications Industries in Indonesia

A1. Light: Transmission Bands

Frequency Wavelength
(vacuum)
1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2
1.0

193

229

353

461

THz

Near Infrared
0.8
0.6

UV
0.4 0.2 m

Longhaul Telecom Regional Telecom Local Area Networks

1550 nm 1310 nm

HeNe Lasers 633 nm

CD Players 780 nm

850 nm

A2. Light: Behavior

Travels in straight line Reflects off different media Transmits through media Chargeless Does not interact with other light Can be visible/invisible

A3. LIGHT: Advantages

Economics (cost/bandwidth) Speed & Distance Low Power Operations Non-Visibility No Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Secure No Grounding 2-Dimensional

B1. Fiber Optic: Basic

B1. Fiber Optic: Basic (cont.)

B1. Fiber Optic: Basic (cont.)

Optical Fiber: Thin strands of highly transparent glass or sometimes plastic that guide light. Core: The center of the fiber where the light is transmitted. Cladding: The outside optical layer of the fiber that traps the light in the core and guides it along - even through curves. Buffer coating or primary coating: A hard plastic coating on the outside of the fiber that protects the glass from moisture or physical damage.

B2. Fiber Optic: Advantages

Lighter, thinner but stronger Supports huge bandwidth, up to Terabit/s Very low loss Flexible Secure

Non-electrical conductivity Highly resistant to chemicals

B3. Fiber Optic: Behavior

Strong yet brittle Passes light through Guides light path by reflection Absorbs light Delays light/ Reduce light speed Interact with light

C. Total Internal Reflection

The light is "guided" down the center of the fiber called the "core". The core is surrounded by a optical material called the "cladding" that traps the light in the core using an optical technique called "total internal reflection."

D. Types of Fiber Optic

1. Multimode Fiber (MMF)

2. Single Mode Fiber (SMF) 3. Plastic Optical Fiber (POF) 4. Specialized Fiber Use of fibers: 1. As a transmission medium 2. As a component

D. Types of Fiber Optic (cont.) Single Mode Fiber(SMF)

Used to transmit one optical path Used in submarine, long hauls, telephones and cable TV (CATV) Small cores (~3.5x10-4 inches or 9 microns in diameter) Transmit infrared laser light. Wavelength range = 1,300 to 1,550nm

D. Types of Fiber Optic (cont.) Multi Mode Fiber (MMF)

Used to transmit in many optical path Used in computer networks or local area networks Larger cores (~2.5x10-3 inches or 62.5 microns in diameter) Transmit light emitting diodes (LEDs) Wavelength range = 850 to 1,300nm

D. Types of Fiber Optic (cont.) Plastic Optical Fiber (POF)

It has large core (about 1mm) Fiber that can only be used for short, low speed networks Flexible bending compare to SMF and MMF

D. Types of Fiber Optic (cont.) Specialized Fiber

Not intended for transmission purposes Eg. erbium doped fiber (EDF), main components for fiberbased optical amplifier, namely EDFA

E. PROBLEMS OF FIBER OPTIC

1. Loss or Attenuation dB/km 2. Chromatic Dispersion, CD ps/(nm-km) 3. Polarization Mode Dispersion, PMD ps/km 4. Non-Linear Coefficient, n2

F. Photonics Applications
1. Communications (Fiber based and Free Space) 2. Military Applications 3. Sensors (eg. gas, chemical, fuel, distance, pressure, fluid level, gyro) 4. Medical Field (LASIK, endoscope) 5. Industrial Applications 7. Lighting 8. Entertainment 9. Display & Signage

G. Industries in Indonesia
PT Telekom Indonesia
PT Indosat PT Bakrie PT Telekomsel

PT Excelcomindo Pratama
PT Icon+ PT Sempoerna PT Teleakses Solusinso

PART 2:
DWDM & THE LATEST TREND

The Whole View

FIBER OPTICS TECHNOLOGY OTHER APPLICATIONS COMMUNICATION

MILITARY

SENSORS

MEDICAL

FIBER OPTICS

FREE SPACE OPTICS

LINK

P2MP

NETWORK

COMPONENTS

DEVICES

FIBERS AND CABLES

SUB-SYSTEMS

INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE

TEST & MEASUREMENT

TEST & MEASUREMENT

TEST & MEASUREMENT

TEST & MEASUREMENT

Objectives
1. To identify the main elements of a fiber optic link 2. To introduce to the main transmission issues in FOCS 3. To understand the current and future Technologies in FOCS

Contents
A. Todays Scenario B. Network Hierarchy: LAN, Access, MAN and WAN C. Basic Fiber Optic Communication D. Elements of Fiber Optic Communication Link E. Major Multiplexing Techniques: TDM & WDM F. Optical Code Division Multiplexing (OCDM) G. Trend in LAN, Access Network, MAN & WAN H. Conclusion

A. Todays Scenario
A total of 600 million kilometers of fiberoptic cable has been installed worldwide which throughout Asia represented 20% of it [Holton,2003] [1]. An Asia market segment of for DWDM systems for the year 2000 alone exceeds up to USD 1.3 billion

B. Network Hierarchy: LAN, Access, MAN and WAN

LAN

MAN

WAN
= Link = Broadcast = Mesh

Network Terminologies Point to Point (P2P) Point to Multi-Point (P2MP) Multi-Point to Multi-Point (MP2MP)

C. Basic Fiber Optic Communication

Fiber Optic

Service Provider

User

D. Elements of Fiber Optic Comm. Link

Optical Transmitter (E-O) Optical Receiver (O-E) Transponder (O-E-O) Fiber Optics Optical Amplifier (O-O) Multiplexer and Demultiplexer Jointing (Splicing, connectors) Attenuator Splitter

Optical Transmitter (E-O)

Coder Modulator Light Source

Fiber

Types of Light Sources (LS): 1. Light Emitting Diode (LED) 2. Lasers

Fabry Perot (FP) DFB VCSEL

Characterization of Light Source (LS)

Parameter Power (dBm) LED LASER Very Very Low -Low Low High

Spectral Width Broad (nm)

Narrow Very Narrow

Wavelength (nm)
Phase

Fixed, Any
Incoherent

Tunable, Any
Coherent

Optical Receiver (O-E)

Decoder DeModulator Photodiode

Fiber

Types of Photodiode (PD): 1. PIN 2. Avalanche PD

Characterization Of Photodiodes

Parameter Wavelength Responsivity Speed

PIN-PD Material based Low Material based

APD Material based High Material based

E. Multiplexing Techniques
A method for sharing communication channel Two Major Types of Multiplexing:
Optical

Electrical

a. Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

Optical
Electrical

b. Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM)

Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

Reasonably easy to do as long as data rates are around a few Gbit/s Most TDM transmission today is at 2.5Gbit/s, although 10Gbit/s is available TDM at 40Gbit/s now implemented in US and Europe

TDM: Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)

139264kbit/s C-4 X 3 TUG-3 X 1 X3 X7 44736kbit/s or 34368kbit/s C-3 X7 6312kbit/s
TUG-2
MAPPING MULTIPLEXING ALIGNING

STM-1

X1
AUG

AU-4

VC-4 TU-3 VC-3

AU-3

VC-3

X1

TU-2

VC-2

C-2 2048kbit/s

X3 X4 TU-12 VC-12

C-12 1544kbit/s

C = CONTAINER VC = VIRTUAL CONTAINER TU = TRIBUTARY UNIT TUG = TRIBUTARY UNIT GROUP AU = ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT AUG = ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT GROUP STM-1 = SYNCHRONOUS TRANSPORT MODULE (155.52MB/S FRAME)

TU-11

VC-11

C-11

SDH Transmission Rate

Bit Rate PDH Europe SDH

Name
40 Gbit/s 10 Gbit/s 2.5 Gbit/s 622 Mbit/s 155 Mbit/s 140 Mbit/s 34 Mbit/s 8 Mbit/s 2 Mbit/s E4 E3 E2 E1

Container

Transport
STM-256 STM-64 STM-16 STM-4 STM-1

VC-4 VC-3 VC-12

64 kbit/s

E0

Limitations of TDM at 10 Gbit/s

High cost of the electronic components to modulate lasers and MUX/DEMUX electronic signals Laser chirp limits laser modulation capacity (need for external modulation) Chromatic dispersions effect is 16 times greater at 10 Gbit/s than at 2.5 Gbit/s PMD affects signal quality at these rates Therefore, WDM came..

E2. Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)

WDM Revolution
Parallel set of optical channels sharing the same transmission medium Holds great promise Increase fiber bandwidth without recabling, (numb. of x TDM)

Eg., 4 x STM-64 (10.0Gbps) = STM-256 (40Gbps) in one fiber Future-proof network capacity Brings all-optical network design capacity

Elements of WDM Link

Optical Amplification Transmitter

1 3

Pump

Pump

OEO

OADM

EDFA

OEO

Demultiplexing (Filtering)

Mux/DeMux

OEO

Add and Drop Transponder and Multiplexing

Receiver

New Components Requirement in WDM

Transmitter with small Linewidth Wavelength Multiplexer and de-Multiplexer Optical Amplifier (SOA, EDFA, Raman) Optical Add Drop Multiplexer (OADM) Others

Transmitter Module: Distributed Feedback Laser (DFB) source

Narrow spectral width High output power High stability

Multiplexing and Demultiplexing: Narrow Band Filtering technology

n
MUX-DEMUX Bragg gratings Bulk optics

Optical Amplifier (mostly used EDFA)

n
MUX-DEMUX

EDFA

Erbium doped fiber amplifiers Amplifying from 1530 to 1560 nm

ITU Wavelength Grid (100 and 50GHz Spacing

WDM introduced the necessity for testing a third parameter ...

Wavelength

From a TDM bidimensional system to a WDM tridimensional system

TDM: a bidimensional system

Power
Laser output power Fiber attenuation Component loss Polarization loss Laser modulation Eye diagram Phase modulation SBS (Brillouin)

Time
Chromatic dispersion PMD

WDM: a new dimension

Power
Laser output power Fiber attenuation Component loss Polarization loss Laser modulation Eye diagrams Phase modulation SBS (Brillouin)

EDFA ASE EDFA Gain MUX XT PDCW

Four wave mixing (FWM) Cross phase modulation (XPM) Stimulated Raman scattering

Time
Chromatic dispersion PMD

Wavelength
DFB stability EDFA range MUX bandwidth DFB laser chirp

F. Optical Code Division Multiplexing Technique

G1. Trend in LAN

Migration from copper-based network to fiber-based network or wireless network
Fiber for Speed

Twisted pair

Wireless for Mobility

G2. Trend in Access Network

Migration from copper-based network to fiber-based network (FTTx)

Benefits of FTTH
Higher Bandwidth Service Flexibility Extension of Coverage FTTH is reliable, scalable, and secure Provides services including voice, high-speed data, analog or digital CATV, DBS, and video on demand Passive optical network, from the central office (CO) to the end user Minimizes the network maintenance cost and requirements

OLT at CO

ONU at Home (House)

G3. Trend in MAN

SDH

STM-64
SDH WDM

PDH

STM-1, 4 & 16

8, 16, 32,
64 channel

CWDM

Coarse Wave Division Multiplexing (CWDM)

Metro CWDM Wavelength Grid as specified by ITU-T G.694.2

G4. Trend in WAN

SDH
SDH

STM-64

PDH

STM-4 & 16 WDM 8, 16, 32, 64 channel

H. Conclusion
Future network

Fiber count

Bit rates (TDM)

Nb of carriers (WDM)

Thank You