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Chapter 18
The small fraction of the Earths environment that supports life is known as the biosphere.
The atmosphere
The atmosphere consists of a mixture of gases extending about 100km above the earth surface. The interactions that occur in the upper layers of the atmosphere are mostly influenced by the high-energy radiation from the sun. The chemistry of the troposphere, however, is significantly affected by human activity on earth.
Ozone
In the ozone layer, high-energy UV radiation causes the strong double bond of diatomic oxygen molecules (O2) to break to form highly reactive oxygen atoms: O2
UV Radiation
O+O
Some of these then combine with other oxygen molecules to form ozone.
O + O2
O3
Ozone
Ozone molecules can also absorb ultraviolet radiation, decomposing to oxygen molecules and oxygen atoms.
O3(g)
UV Radiation
O2(g) + O(g)
Overall, without human activity, the rate of formation of ozone is about the same as its rate of depletion, so the concentration of ozone in the stratosphere remains constant.
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Page 316 Question 1, 3 and 4
6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l)
C6H12O6(aq) + 6O2(g)
Chlorophyll
Carbon-Oxygen Cycle
Carbon-Oxygen Cycle
Both carbon dioxide and oxygen are cycled in the processes of photosynthesis and respiration. Carbon dioxide is also returned to the atmosphere when an organisms wastes are decomposed. Volcanic action and combustion of fossil fuels, add carbon dioxide to the atmosphere The production of coal, oil and natural gas over a period of several million years. This process removes carbon from the cycle.
Nitrogen
Nitrogen is essential in DNA and proteins. 78% of the atmosphere is nitrogen but most living creatures cannot use it in this form. We depend on a few species of microorganisms that can break the strong triple covalent bond within the nitrogen molecule to form simple nitrogen-containing ions such as ammonium or nitrate ions. Plants can then use these molecules to make more complex nitrogen containing compounds which us (as animals) can then consume.
Nitrogen
The conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into soluble nitrogen compounds that can be used by plants is called nitrogen fixation.
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Page 320 Questions 5 - 8