CHAPTER 2

ENGINEERING CURVES

CLASSIFICATION OF ENGG. CURVES

1. CONICS
2. CYCLOIDAL CURVES

3. INVOLUTE
4. SPIRAL 5. HELIX

What is Cone ?
It is a surface generated by moving a Straight line keeping one of its end fixed & other end makes a closed curve. The fixed point is known as vertex or apex.
The closed curve known as base. is

Vertex/Apex

If the base/closed curve is a circle, we get a cone.

If the base/closed curve is a polygon, we get a pyramid.

90

Base

The line joins apex to the center of base is called axis. If axes is perpendicular to base, it is called as right circular cone. If axis of cone is not perpendicular to base, it is called as oblique cone.
Vertex/Apex

Cone Axis Generator

The line joins vertex/ apex to the circumference of a cone is known as generator.

90

Base

CONICS
Definition :- The section obtained by the
intersection of a right circular cone by a cutting plane in different position relative to the axis of the cone are called CONICS.

CONICS
A - TRIANGLE B - CIRCLE C - ELLIPSE D PARABOLA E - HYPERBOLA

CIRCLE
When the cutting plane is perpendicular to the axis or parallel to the base in a right cone we get circle the section.

Sec Plane

Circle

ELLIPSE Definition :When the cutting plane is inclined axis but not parallel to generator inclination of the cutting plane() is than the semi cone angle(), we ellipse as the section.

to the or the greater get an

>

When the cutting plane is inclined to the axis and parallel to one of the generators of the cone or the inclination of the plane() is equal to semi cone angle(), we get a parabola as the section.

PARABOLA

Definition :When the cutting plane is parallel to the axis or the inclination of the plane with cone axis() is less than semi cone angle(), we get a hyperbola as the section. =0 <

HYPERBOLA

TRIANGLE
When the cutting plane contains the apex, we get a triangle as the section.

Definition :- The locus of point moves in a plane such a way that the ratio of its distance from fixed point (focus) to a fixed Straight line (Directrix) is always constant.
Directrix
M P V F

CONICS

Conic Curve

Focus

Fixed straight line is called as directrix. Fixed point is called as focus.

The line passing through focus & perpendicular to directrix is called as axis. The intersection of conic curve with axis is called as vertex.
M C Vertex

Directrix

P
F

Conic Curve

Axis

Focus

Directrix

M C

P F

Conic Curve

Axis

Vertex N

V Q

Focus

Distance of a point from focus Ratio = Distance of a point from directrix

= Eccentricity
= = PF/PM = QF/QN = VF/VC

Ellipse is the locus of a point which moves in a plane so that the ratio of its distance from a fixed point (focus) and a fixed straight line (Directrix) is a constant and less than one.
M Directrix
P F

ELLIPSE

Ellipse

Axis

Vertex

C N

V Q

Focus Eccentricity=PF/PM = QF/QN < 1.

METHODS FOR DRAWING ELLIPSE

(1) Directrix Focus Method

(2) Arcs Of Circles Method

(3) Concentric Circle Method (4) Oblong Method Or

Rectangle Method

ELLIPSE DIRECTRIX FOCUS METHOD

D1

Ellipse

c
Q

< 45
Eccentricity = 2/3

Directrix

b
P1 P2

P6 P7 P P 5 P3 4

V1F1 QV1 2 = = R1V1 R1V1 3

R1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
V1
F1

T
D1

90 P1 P2

P3P 4 P5 P P 6 7

Dist. Between directrix & focus = 50 mm 1 part = 50/(2+3)=10 mm

V1F1 = 2 part = 20 mm T V R = 3 part = 30 mm 1 1

Ellipse is the locus of a point, which moves in a plane so that the sum of its distance from two fixed points, called focal points or foci, is a constant. The sum of distances is equal to the major axis of the ellipse.
P C

ELLIPSE

F1

F2

CF1 +CF2 = AB
A O F1 F2 B

but CF1 = CF2 hence, CF1=1/2AB

PF1 + PF2 = QF1 + QF2 = CF1 +CF2 = constant = F1A + F1B = F2A + F2B
But F1A = F2B F1A + F1B = F2B + F1B = AB

= Major Axis

Major Axis = 100 mm Minor Axis = 60 mm

B

O F1 F2

CF1 = AB = AO

D C

Major Axis = 100 mm F1F2 = 60 mm

F2 B

O F1

CF1 = AB = AO

ARC OF CIRCLES METHOD P3

P4

P4

P3

P2 P1

P2
P1

F1

F2

P1

P1
P2 P3 P 4
D

P 2
90

P4

P 3

ARC OF CIRCLES METHOD

directrix

AF1 = AE

e G3

G4

G4

G3 G2
G1

G2

G1

F1
90

1 2

O 4 100

F2

G1

G1

G2

G2
G3 G4

90

G 140

G4

G3

GF1 + GF2 = MAJOR AXIS = 140

CONCENTRIC CIRCLE METHOD

12 P12 T Q 1
P1

11

10

P11 11 12

C P10
10 9 8 O 6 3 5 4 D P4 7

P9

8
P8 P7 7

A F1
P2` 2

Major Axis
1 2
P3

F2 B
P6 P5 6

e = AF1/AQ

CF1=CF2=1/2 AB

OBLONG METHOD

Directrix

4
3 2 S P1 1 0 P0 P2

P3

P4 C P4 Minor Axis

P3 P2

2 P1 1

Major Axis

A
P1

1 F1 2

4 4

2 F2 1

B
P1

P2 P3 P4

P2

P3

DP4

ELLIPSE IN PARALLELOGRAM
0 1 2 P 3 P 3 4 4 5P AP6 5 6 5 4 3 2
S4
60

P2

P1

C P
0

Q1 Q2 Q3

K
Q4 3

0 1 2

0O 1

2 3 4
R3G

Q5 4 5 Q6 B 5 6
R4

S3 S2 S1 R1

R2

Uses Of Ellipse :-

Shape of a man-hole. Shape of tank in a tanker.

Flanges of pipes, glands and stuffing boxes.

Shape used in bridges and arches. Monuments.

Path of earth around the sun.

Shape of trays etc.