Continuum mechanics – MAE 640

Summer II – 2009

Dr. Konstantinos Sierros

263 ESB new add
kostas.sierros@mail.wvu.edu
 Conservation of Momenta
Principle of Conservation of Linear Momentum
•The principle of conservation of linear momentum, or Newton’s second law of motion,
applied to a set of particles (or rigid body) can be stated as;

“The time rate of change of (linear) momentum of a collection of particles equals the net
force exerted on the collection”

resultant force
on the
collection of
total mass velocity particles
•For constant mass;

•Newton’s second law for a control volume Ω can be expressed as;

vector representing
an area element of
the outflow
resultant force
 Example 5.3.1

Suppose that a jet of fluid with area of cross-section A and mass density ρ issues from a
nozzle with a velocity v and impinges against a smooth inclined flat plate, as shown in
Figure 5.3.1. Assuming that there is no frictional resistance between the jet and plate,
determine the distribution of the flow and the force required to keep the plate in position.
 Example 5.3.1

Since there is no change in pressure or elevation before and after impact, the velocity of
the fluid remains the same before and after impact.

Let the amounts of flow to the left be QL and to the right be QR.

Then the total flow Q = vA of the jet is equal to the sum (by continuity equation);

Next, we use the principle of conservation of linear

momentum to relate QL and QR;
 Example 5.3.1

Solving the two equations for QL and QR, we obtain;

•Thus, the total flow Q is divided into the left flow of QL and right flow of QR as given
above.
 Principle of Conservation of Angular Momentum

e principle of conservation of angular momentum states that;

the time rate of change of the total moment of momentum for a continuum is
equal to vector sum
of the moments of external forces acting on the continuum.

control volume Ω control surface Γ

 Problem 5.8 (p.174)
A jet of air (ρ = 1.206 kg/m3) impinges on a smooth vane with a velocity v = 50 m/s at
the rate of Q = 0.4 m3/s. Determine the force required to hold the plate in position for the
two different vane configurations shown in Fig. P5.8. Assume that the vane splits the jet
into two equal streams, and neglect any energy loss in the streams.
 Ch. 6: Constitutive Equations
Introduction
•Constitutive equations are those relations that connect the primary field variables (e.g.,
ρ,
T, x, and u or v) to the secondary field variables (e.g., e, q, and σ).
•Constitutive equations are not derived from any physical principles, although they are
subject to
obeying certain rules

•Constitutive equations are mathematical models of the behavior of materials that are
validated against experimental results.

•The differences between theoretical predictions and experimental findings are often
attributed to inaccurate representation of the constitutive behavior.

First, we review certain terminologies that

were already introduced in beginning
courses on mechanics of materials.
 Ch. 6: Constitutive Equations
Introduction
•A material body is said to be homogeneous if the material properties are the
same throughout the body (i.e., independent of position).
a heterogeneous body, the material properties are a function of position.
•An anisotropic body is one that has different values of a material property in
different directions at a point, i.e., material properties are direction
dependent.
•An isotropic material is one for which every material property is the same in
all directions at a point.
•An isotropic or anisotropic material can be nonhomogeneous or
homogeneous.
 Ch. 6: Constitutive Equations
Introduction
•Materials for which the constitutive behavior is only a function of the current
state of deformation are known as elastic.

•If the constitutive behavior is only a function of the current state of rate of
deformation, such materials are termed viscous.

In this study, we are concerned with;

(a) Elastic materials for which the stresses are functions of the current
deformation and temperature
(b) Viscous fluids for which the stresses are functions of density,
temperature, and rate of deformation.

Special cases of these materials are the Hookean solids and Newtonian fluids.
 Ch. 6: Constitutive Equations
•The approach typically involves assuming the form of the constitutive
equation and then restricting the form to a specific one by appealing to
certain physical requirements, including invariance of the equations and
material frameisindifference
•This chapter primarily focused on Hookean solids and Newtonian fluids.
The constitutive equations presented in Section 6.2 for elastic solids are
based on small strain assumption.
•Thus, we make no distinction between the material coordinates X and
spatial coordinates x and between the Cauchy stress tensor σ and second
Piola–Kirchhoff stress tensor S.
 Elastic Solids
Introduction

•A material is said to be (ideally or simple) elastic or Cauchy elastic when, under

isothermal conditions, the body recovers its original form completely upon removal of the
forces causing deformation

For Cauchy elastic materials, the Cauchy stress

σ;

F is the deformation gradient tensor

•A material is said to be hyperelastic or Green elastic if there exists a strain energy

density function U0(ε) such that
 Elastic Solids
Introduction

For an incompressible elastic material (i.e., material for which the volume is preserved
and hence J = 1 or div u = 0), the above relation is written as;

hydrostatic pressure
 Generalized Hooke’s Law
•The linear constitutive model for infinitesimal deformations is referred to as the
generalized Hooke’s law.

•To derive the stress–strain relations for a linear elastic solid, begin with the quadratic
form of U0;

Using…
 Generalized Hooke’s Law

•Cmn have the same units as σmn, and they represent the residual stress
components of a solid.
 Generalized Hooke’s Law
•We assume, that the body is free of stress prior to the load application so
that we may write;

The coefficients Cijkl are called elastic stiffness coefficients.

The components Cijkl satisfy the

following symmetry conditions
 Generalized Hooke’s Law
us, the number of independent coefficients in Cijmn is reduced to 21;

We express Eq. (6.2.8) in an alternate form using single subscript notation for
stresses and strains and two subscript notation for the material stiffness
coefficients:
 Generalized Hooke’s Law

•The single subscript notation for stresses and strains is called the
engineering notation or the Voigt-Kelvin notation.

Therefore;

In matrix form…
 Generalized Hooke’s Law

We assume that the stress–strain relations are invertible. Thus, the

components of strain are related to the components of stress by;

Si j are the material compliance coefficients

with [S] = [C]−1 (i.e., the
Compliance tensor is the inverse of the
stiffness tensor: S = C−1).
Generalized Hooke’s Law

In matrix form…