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Dr James Betts
Lecture Outline:
What is Hypothesis Testing?
Hypothesis Formulation
Statistical Errors
Test Selection.
Statistics
Descriptive
Organising, summarising & describing data
Inferential Correlational
Relationships Significance Generalising
Alternative Hypothesis
Alternative Hypothesis
There is a significant difference in the DV between males and females.
Null Hypothesis
There is not a significant difference in the DV between males and females
Number of People
100 80 60 40 20 0 1500
n n
16
2500
17
3500
18
4500
19
5500
20
Statistical Errors
Type 1 Errors -Rejecting H0 when it is actually true
-Concluding a difference when one does not actually exist
Number of People
100 80 60 40 20 0 1500
16
2500
17
3500
18
4500
19
5500
20
SD 1.74 1.72
n 25 25
SEM = SD/n =
SEM = SD/n =
Mean 18.5 17.5 SD 1.74 1.72 n 25 25
SD 1.74 1.72
n 25 25
SD 1.74 1.72
n 25 25
df = (n - 1) + (n - 1) =
SD 1.74 1.72
n 25 25
44 46 48 50
SD 1.74 1.72
n 25 25
Calculated t = Critical t =
SD 1.74 1.72
n 25 25
Possible solution:
Mean 18.5 17.5 SD 1.74 1.72 n 25 25
Swim Data
from SPSS session 8
95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper -3.22358 -3.24188 -.16842 -.15012
SwimTime50m
Independent Samples Test Levene's Test for Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means
Sig. .012
t -2.333 -2.333
df 18 15.447
Number of Press-Ups
Week
Number of Press-Ups
Week
Week 1 Week 2
SD 56.6 57.5
n 8 8
D =
D2 =
D t = n x D2 (D)2 = (n - 1)
Calculated t = Critical t =
SD 56.6 57.5
n 8 8
Paired Samples Test Paired Differences 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper -5.17305 -2.57695
Pair 1
t -7.059
df 7
t-test
Mean A Mean B
Number of People
100 80 60 40 20 0 1500
16
2500
17
3500
18
4500
19
5500
20
Number of People
Mean A Mean B
100 80 60 40 20 0 1500
16
2500
17
3500
18
4500
19
5500
20
Non-Parametric Tests
These tests use the median and do not assume anything about distribution, i.e. distribution free Mathematically, value is ignored (i.e. the magnitude of differences are not compared) Instead, data is analysed simply according to rank.
Non-Parametric Tests
Independent Measures
Mann-Whitney Test
Repeated Measures
Wilcoxon Test
Mann-Whitney U: Calculation
Step 1: Rank all the data from both groups in one series, then total each School A School B Student Student Grade Grade Rank Rank J. S. L. D. H. L. M. J. T. M. T. S. P. H. Median =
BBA+ DB+ AF
9 9 14 3 11 12.5 1
; RA =
T. J. M. M. K. S. P. S. R. M. P. W. A. F. Median =
D C+ C+ BE CA-
Mann-Whitney U: Calculation
Step 2: Calculate two versions of the U statistic using:
U1 = (nA x nB) +
AND
(nA + 1) x nA 2
- RA
U2 = (nA x nB) +
(nB + 1) x nB 2
- RB
Mann-Whitney U: Calculation
Step 3 finished: Select the smaller of the two U statistics (U1 = ; U2 = ..)
n 0.05
6
5 2
7
8 4
8
13 7
9
17 11
Conclusion
0.01
Median A Median B
Test Statisticsb VAR00001 Mann-Whitney U 17.500 Wilcoxon W 45.500 Z -.900 Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) .368 a Exact Sig. [2*(1-tailed .383 Sig.)] a. Not corrected for ties. b. Grouping Variable: VAR00002
6 4.5
-7 4.5 1.5 -3 1.5
Signed Ranks =
n 0.05
6
0
7
2
8
3
9
5
Conclusion Median A Median B
Test Statisticsb VAR00002 VAR00001 Z -1.364a Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) .172 a. Based on negative ranks. b. Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test