23 October 2013 L.

N Tripathy 1
Principle of Operation
Three phase winding in stator when
get supply produce rotating magnetic
field [or flux] of Constant magnitude
but rotating at synchronous speed
This rotating magnetic field induce emf
in rotor circuit and current start flowing
in rotor circuit as rotor is short
Circuited.
23 October 2013 L.N Tripathy 2
C0nt..
The torque is produced on the rotor due to
interaction of two fields.
As per Lenzs law ,under the influence of this
toque the rotor start rotating in same
direction to catch the rotating magnetic field.
The relative speed between rotating magnetic
field and the rotor is called slip speed.
Note:- The rotor rotate near synchronous
speed but can not attend the synchronous
speed. So induction motor is called
Asynchronous motor.

23 October 2013 L.N Tripathy 3
Slip of Induction Motor
[ ] [ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ] 100
%
s
s
s
s
Synchronous speed N Rotor Speed N
Slip s
Synchronous Speed N
N N
s
N

=

=
Slip is Always expressed as percentage
23 October 2013 L.N Tripathy 4
Frequency of Stator current &
Rotor current
Stator current frequency is same as
supply frequency f
Rotor induced emf frequency or Rotor
current frequency= sf
Where
s is the slip
23 October 2013 L.N Tripathy 5
Rotor frequency & Production
of steady torque.
At stand still rotor induce voltage frequency f
r

= stator induced voltage frequency f
e
or
supply frequency.
When rotor rotate the relative motion
between stator flux and rotor conductor
induces voltages of frequency f
r

f
r
= sf
e
called the slip frequency in
the rotor.
Note:- wound rotor [Not squirrel cage] can be
used as frequency changer.
23 October 2013 L.N Tripathy 6
Cond
At stand still rotor frequency = stator
frequency f
e
[s=1]. So the field
produced by rotor current rotate as
same speed as stator field and steady
starting torque is produced. It tends to
turn the rotor in the direction of
rotation of stator induced field.
23 October 2013 L.N Tripathy 7
Cont..
Note:- The operating speed is never
equal to synchronous speed if it equal
to synchronous speed the rotor
conductor will be stationary w.r.t stator
field[ relative speed is zero] no current
will be induced in rotor and hence no
torque is produced.
23 October 2013 L.N Tripathy 8
Cond
When rotor rotate in the direction of
stator field the frequency of rotor
currents is sf
e
and they will produce a
rotating flux wave which will rotate at
sn
s
w.r.t rotor in the forward direction.
With respect to stator the speed of the
flux produced by rotor current is
sn
s
+n=sn
s
+n
s
(1-s) = n
s



23 October 2013 L.N Tripathy 9
Cond
Rotor current produce an air-gap flux which
rotate at synchronous speed w.r.t stator.
So the stator field and rotor field are
stationary to each other and produce the
steady torque.
Torque for any mechanical rotor speed other
than synchronous speed is called
asynchronous torque
23 October 2013 L.N Tripathy 10
Power Stages of Induction
Motor




Stator Input
Stator Iron & Copper loss
Rotor Input
Rotor Copper loss
Mechanical power Developed
Windage and friction loss
Rotor Output
23 October 2013 L.N Tripathy 11
Equivalent Circuit of Induction
Motor
V
1
= E
2
+ I
1
(R
1
+jX
1
) --------- (1)
V
1
= Stator line to neutral Voltage
E
2
= Counter emf ( Line to neutral) generated by
resultant air gap flux
I
1
= Stator current
R
1
= Stator effective resistance
X
1
= stator leakage reactance.
I
c
= Core loss component of current
I
m
= Magnetizing component of current.
I

=Exciting current
23 October 2013 L.N Tripathy 12
Stator equivalent circuit for a polyphase
induction motor.
23 October 2013 L.N Tripathy 13
Rotor equivalent circuit for a polyphase
induction motor at slip frequency.
Z
2s
= E
2s
/I
2s
= R
2
+ JsX
2

R
2
= Reffered rotor resistance
sX
2
= Reffered rotor leakage
reactance at slip frequency
Z
2s
= Slip frequency rotor
Leakage Impedance

E
2s
= s E
2
Assuming stator
& rotor have same number
of turns per phase
I
2
= I
2s

I
2
= Load current.
23 October 2013 L.N Tripathy 14
Cond..
sE
2
/I
2
=Z
2s
=R
2
+jsX
2

Dividing by s
Z
2
= E
2
/I
2
= R
2
/s + jX
2

Z
2
impedance of stationary rotor which
appear across the load terminal
R
2
/s represents the combine effect of
shaft load and rotor resistance.
23 October 2013 L.N Tripathy 15
Single-phase equivalent circuit for a
polyphase Induction motor.
23 October 2013 L.N Tripathy 16
Alternative form of equivalent circuit.

23 October 2013 L.N Tripathy 17
Equivalent circuits with the core-loss
resistance R
c
neglected
23 October 2013 L.N Tripathy 18
Analysis of Equivalent Circuit.
2
2
2
2
2 2
2 2
2
2 2 2
2
2 2
( ) (2)
(3)
( )
1
( )
(1 )
gap ph
rotor ph
mech gap rotor ph ph
mech ph
mech gap
rotor gap
R
P n I
s
P n I R
R
P P P n I n I R
s
s
P n I R
s
P s P
P sP
=
=
= =

=
=
=
----------(4)
----------------------(5)
------------------------ (6)
23 October 2013 L.N Tripathy 19
Power developed Induction
motor
2
2
2
(1 ) (7)
( )
(8)
(9)
(10)
mech m mech s mech
ph
gap
mech
mech
m s s
shaft mech rotor
shaft
shaft mech rotor
m
P T s T
R
n I
P
P
s
T
P P P
P
T T T
e e
e e e
e
= =
= = =
=
= =
23 October 2013 L.N Tripathy 20
Torque-speed Characteristic

s
ph
t
t
mech
s
ph
s
gap
m
Mech
Mech
E n
K
Where
s
R
X s R
K
T
jX s R
E
I
s R I n P
P
T
e
e e e
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
,
) / (
) / (
/
=

+
=
+
=
= = =
23 October 2013 L.N Tripathy 21
Torque-speed Characteristic
23 October 2013 L.N Tripathy 22
Operating mode of Induction
Motor
Motoring Mode : 1s0

Generating Mode :s<0

Breaking Mode : s>1
23 October 2013 L.N Tripathy 23
Power Stages of Induction
Motor




Stator Input
Stator Iron & Copper loss
Rotor Input
Rotor Copper loss
Mechanical power Developed
Windage and friction loss
Rotor Output
23 October 2013 L.N Tripathy 24
Losses in induction motor


Losses in 3-Phase Induction Motor
Fixed losses
Variable Losses
Core loss Brush friction loss
In wound rotor
Bearing and friction
loss
Windage
loss
23 October 2013 L.N Tripathy 25
Variable loss
Variable losses
Stator Ohmic
loss
Rotor Ohmic
loss
Brush contact
Loss for slip ring
motor
Stray load
loss
Fixed loss= Power input at no load-(stator I
2
R loss).
Fixed loss can be determined by no load test of Induction Motor.
Stray load losses is difficult to determine it is assumed when efficiency
Is calculated.
23 October 2013 L.N Tripathy 26
Rotor current and rotor power
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
2 2
2 2
2
2
stand still= R
any slip per phase rotor leakage impedance = R ( )
phase rotor current at stand still =
R
per phase rotor current at any slip(s) is I =
R
Rotor leakageimpedance at X
At sX
E
per
X
sE
+
+
+
2 2
2 2
( ) sX +
23 October 2013 L.N Tripathy 27
Rotor power
2
2
-1
2
2
2
g
2 2 2
2 2
2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
If rotor current lag the rotor voltage an angle
Power factor = Cos ,
= tan ( )
phase power input to rotor = Air gap Power = P
/
R ( ) (R / ) ( )
g
sX
R
Per
P E I Cos
R R s
Cos
sX s X
u
u
u
u
u
=
= =
+ +
23 October 2013 L.N Tripathy 28
Cont..
2
2 2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2
2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
2 2
g
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2
/
(R / ) ( )
/
(R / ) ( )
/
P can be written as
/ /
1
( )
(1 )
g
g
g
g
g
g g g
R s
P E I Cos E I
s X
E
P I R s
s X
P I R s
P I R s I R s I R I R
s
P I R I R
s
P sP s P
u = =
+
=
+
=
= = +

= +
= +
P
g
= (Rotor ohmic loss)+( Internal mechanical power devolved in rotor)
23 October 2013 L.N Tripathy 29
Cont..
Rotor Ohmic loss = s(Power input to
rotor)
Internal mechanical power Developed
by rotor P
m
=I
2
2
R
2
(1-s)/s=(1-s)P
g
P
m
=(1-s)(Power input to Rotor)

23 October 2013 L.N Tripathy 30
Starting of Induction Motor.
Direct on line starting
Stator resistor(or reactor starting)
Auto Transformer Starting
Star- Delta Starting

23 October 2013 L.N Tripathy 31
Direct-On- Line Starting.
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
( )
1
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
st
est st
fl
efl fl
fl
fl
st st
st st
fl fl
R
I
T I
S
R
T I
I
s
I effective stator Turns I Effective Rotor Turns
I I Effectiverotor to stator turn ratio
I I Effective rotor to stator turn ratio
| |
= =
|
|
\ .
=
=
=
23 October 2013 L.N Tripathy 32
Cond..
2
1
1
1
1
2
est st
fl
efl fl
sc
st sc
est sc
fl
efl fl
T I
s
T I
V
I
Z
V
On Direct switching I I
Z
T I
s
T I
| |
=
|
|
\ .
=
= =
| |
=
|
|
\ .