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OWJ100101 WCDMA Radio
Network Coverage Planning
ISSUE1.0
Internal Use
2
Objectives

Contents and process of network planning

Understand the uplink budget and its elements.

Understand the downlink budget and its


elements.

Familiar with coverage enhancement


technologies.
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Chapter 1 WCDMA Network Planning Process
Chapter 2 Uplink Budget
Chapter 3 Downlink Budget
Chapter 4 Coverage Enhancement Technologies
Internal Use
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Chapter 1 WCDMA Network Planning Process
1.1 Overview of Radio Network Planning
1.2 Huawei Concept of Radio Network Planning
1.3 Process of Radio Network Planning
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Definition and Category of Network Planning

Definition:

Network planning means proper network elements (NEs) are selected


based on network target, network evolution requirement and cost.

Also, the quality, configuration, and connection mode of the NEs are
determined to facilitate engineering implementation.

Categories:

Core Network Planning

Radio Network Planning


Transmission Network Planning


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Importance of Radio Network Planning in 3G
The construction cost of the mobile
communications network mainly lies in the
equipment investment.

Among the three of the 3G network (radio access
network, transmission network, and core network),
radio access network takes more than 70%
investment.

The investment in the radio access network
depends on the number and configuration of the
BSs, which are determined by the radio network
planning.
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Comparison Between GSM & WCDMA Network Planning

Frequency planning is important. The


structure and frequency of the cellular network
need careful planning to ensure minimum co-
frequency and adjacent-frequency interference.

Fixed capacity. If the interference requirement


is met, total users supported is fixedly
determined by carriers and timeslots.

Coverage capability depends on transmit


power of the transmitter and demodulation
performance of the receiver.

The GSM mainly offers voice service, and the


GOS and design objective are relatively simple.

f1
f1
f2
f2
f3
f1
f1
f2
f2
f3
f3
f1
f2
f1
f3
f1

Frequency reuse factor = 1.


Soft capacity. The capacity per WCDMA carrier


wave is related to environment and neighbor cell
interference.

Coverage capability is related to system load


situation. The increase in system load will reduce
coverage range.

Supports services with different rate and QoS,


including voice service, and their coverage
capacity is different. In the network planning, the
system performance shall be optimized through
reasonable planning and radio resource
management.
f1
f1
f1
f1
f1
f1
f1
f1
f1
f1
f1
f1
f1
f1
f1
f1
GSM WCDMA
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Chapter 1 WCDMA Network Planning Process
1.1 Overview of Radio Network Planning
1.2 Huawei Concept of Radio Network Planning
1.3 Process of Radio Network Planning
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Huawei Concept of Wireless Network Planning

Optimal coverage for profitable services

The 3G network is a multi-service network, so the network resources need


to be distributed among different services. The cell radius and coverage
scheme shall be determined after the profitable services and their
coverage quality is determined. At the early stage of the 3G network, if the
planning focuses on high-speed data service, it will result in waste of
many services.

Optimal quality of core service

Core service refers to the service that have a long-term effect on the
network development. It is possible that the core service is not profitable in
a short period, but is the attraction of the subscriber increase and service
development, for example, high-speed data service.

The quality of the core service should be guaranteed in order to promote


the service and performance advantages of the 3G network and uphold
the operator's brand.

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Huawei Concept of Wireless Network Planning

Highest capacity based on limited resources

The capacity of 3G network is mainly affected by


interference. Reasonable parameter planning may
help to reduce intra-cell and inter-cell interference,
improve the cell capacity, and make full use of the
limited resources.

Huawei provides reliable and effective power control


and radio resource management algorithm by using
abundant test data and advanced simulation means.
They are proved in many customer pilots of Huawei
around the world.
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Huawei Concept of Wireless Network Planning

Lowest overall cost of network construction

The construction of the radio network goes through


the lifecycle of the network.

In the planning, further development shall be


considered, in order to reduce the overall cost of
network construction.

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Chapter 1 WCDMA Network Planning Process
1.1 Overview of Radio Network Planning
1.2 Huawei Concept of Radio Network Planning
1.3 Process of Radio Network Planning
Internal Use
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Process of Wireless Network Planning

Radio Network Dimension (RND)

At the early stage of the project planning, the


future network is preliminarily planned.

The configuration and the number of RAN NEs are


output for preliminary project planning and for cost
estimation in contract making.

Pre-planning of radio network

At the mid stage of project planning, based on the


dimensioning output, the future network is planned
in detail, and accurate network scale and
theoretical site location are determined.

A pre-planning report is output for mid-stage


project and cost estimation in contract signing.
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Process of Wireless Network Planning

Cell planning of radio network


At the later stage of project planning, based on the


pre-planning output, each selected site is surveyed,
and the related cell parameters are determined.

If the result is different from the earlier plan, cell


parameters and planning effect should be checked
through simulation, and the output report shall be
the final radio network planning scheme to be used
for project construction.
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Process of Radio Network Planning
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Radio Network Dimension

Radio Network Dimension is a simplified analysis of the


future network.

Objective:
To estimate equipments needed to meet network
requirement (approximate BS quantity and
configuration).

Method:

Radio Link Budget Calculation

Cell Size Calculation

Capacity Calculation

Transmission Network Estimation


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Radio Network Dimension

Coverage information

Coverage area

Area information

Capacity information

Spectrum available

Subscriber density & profile


Quality information

QoS requirement

GoS requirement

System scale

Site & equipment


quantity

System configuration

Sector configuration

Carrier quantity

Network construction
cost

Site cost

Equipment cost
I nput Output
Coverage dimension
Capacity dimension
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Radio Network Pre-planning

Based on radio network dimension,


network pre-planning intends to :

Determine the initial layout

Theoretical location for BSs

Select engineering parameters


(BS location, network hierarchy,
transmit power, antenna
layout/type/direction/tilt angle, and
so on) and some cell parameters
(common channel/traffic channel
transmit power) .
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Radio Network Pre-planning

Based on the result of RND,


theoretical location of site and cell
parameters, we should carry out
coverage simulation.

We should carry out more careful


adjust (for example amount of
NodeB, configuration of NodeB,
antenna altitude, antenna azimuth)
after analyzing the results of
coverage simulation.

Finally ,we should get perfect


coverage result.
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Radio Network Pre-planning

Radio Network Pre-planning report


Radio Network Pre-planning report should be generated after


performing the foregoing jobs. Radio Network Pre-planning report
should involve several factors:

Introduce of project background

Information of planning area :area, population, cluster

Project of radio network pre-planning: site distribution map, site list


( include site name, latitude ,longitude, parameters)

Performance of project :base on the result of the simulation

Appendix: statistical diagram about performance


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Radio Network Cell Planning
Flowchart of cell planning












N

Site survey
report
Site selection
System
simulation
Design
objective
met?
Wireless network
planning report
Noise test
Noise test report
Wi reless network
pre - planning
report
Site survey
N

Radio network
nominal
planning report
Output SEARCH
RINGS
List of sites
Is it a 2G site
or not?
Is it a new site or
not (name prefix
NewSite)
Obtain candidate
sites
Can site conditions
be determined?
Site survey
Site survey
report
Frequency
scanning test
Frequency scanning
test report
Are site
requirements
satisfied or not?
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Radio Network Cell Planning Site Survey

Normally, perfect site location difficult to be acquired. We must select some


candidate site. But how can we select the candidate site?

Based on experience , candidate site is selected from SEARCH RING


scope (SEARCH RING =1/4*R ) and at the same time , still consider
altitude factor

We still pay attention to some factors when we select the candidate sites :

Radio environment

Candidate site location

Candidate site latitude

Ambient

Work implement

Space of room

Antenna install

Transmission

Power

Commercial factor

Rent

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Summary of the Chapter

Category of radio network planning

Huawei concept of radio network planning

Difference between GSM network planning and WCDMA


network planning

Process of radio network planning

Input and output requirements of the radio network pre-planning


This chapter covers the following:
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Chapter 1 WCDMA Network Planning Process
Chapter 2 Uplink Budget
Chapter 3 Downlink Budget
Chapter 4 Coverage Enhancement Technologies
Internal Use
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CapacityCoverageQuality
Relationship between capacity, coverage, and quality of the WCDMA system

WCDMA system is a self-interference system. Its capacity, coverage and
quality are closely related to each other.

Capacitycoverage

If the load increases, the capacity and interference also interference,


and the coverage shrinks.

Capacityquality

The system capacity may increase by lowering the quality of some


connections.

Coveragequality

The coverage may increase by lowering the quality of some


connections.
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Process of Link Budget
What to consider in link budget:

Environment features of the


planned area

Site capacity

Indoor coverage

Coverage probability

Propagation model

Equipment performance
Maximum cell radius
Create link budget
Obtain cell radius
Calculate site area
Specify site quantity
of the area
Maximum path loss
Maximum site
coverage area
Site quantity=planned area/site coverage area
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Fundamental Principle

Link Budget:
To estimate the
system
coverage by
analyzing
uplink/downlink
signal
propagation; in
order to obtain
the maximum
propagation loss
after certain
communications
quality is
ensured.
TX
Combiner
Duplexer
Feeder
RX
Pout_BS
Lc_BS
Lf_BS
Ga_BS
NodeB
TX
RX
Pout_UE
Ga_UE
UE
Combiner
Duplexer
Body Loss
Fading
Margin
Penetration
Loss
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Algorithm Introduction
PL_UL=P
out
_
UE
+ Ga
_BS
+ Ga
_UE
Lf
BS
+ Ga
_SHO
M
pc
M
f

MI L
p
L
b
S_
BS


PL_UL : Maximum propagation loss of the Uplink
Pout_UE : Maximum transmit power of the traffic channel of the UE
Lf_BS : Cable loss
Ga_BS : Antenna gain of the BS; Ga_UE: Antenna gain of the MS
Ga_SHO: Gain of soft handover
Mpc : Margin for fast power control
Mf : Slow fading margin (related to the propagation environment)
MI : Interference margin (related to the designed system capacity)
Lp : Penetration loss of a building (used if indoor coverage is required)
Lb : Body loss
SBS : Sensitivity of BS receiver (related to factors such as service and
multi-path condition)
Uplink (reverse)
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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget

Max Power of TCH

Body Loss

Gain of UE Tx Antenna

EIRP

Gain of BS Rx Antenna

Cable Loss

Noise Figure (BS)

Eb/No Required (BS)

Sensitivity of BS Receiver

UL Cell Loading

Interference Margin

Background Noise Level

Margin for Background Noise

SHO Gain over Fast Fading

Fast Fading Margin

Minimum Signal Strength


Required

Penetration Loss

Std. dev. of Slow Fading

Edge coverage Probability

Slow Fading Margin

SHO Gain over Slow Fading


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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget
1.
Max Power of TCH (dBm)

For a UE, the maximum power of each traffic channel is usually


the nominal total transmit power. There are many types of UE in a
commercial network, so this parameters should be reasonably set
according to the specifications of a mainstream commercial cell
phone and the requirement of the operator.
Grade of UE power TS 25.101 v3.7.0 2001-066.2.1
Power Class Nominal maximum output power Tolerance
1 +33dBm +1/-3dB
2 +27dBm +1/-3dB
3 +24dBm +1/-3dB
4 +21dBm +2/-2dB
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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget
2. Body Loss (dB)

For voice service, the body loss is 3 dB.

Because data service mainly involves text and video, so UE is


relatively far from body, and the body loss is 0 dB.

3. Gain of UE Tx Antenna (dBi)

Generally, assume that the receiver gain and transmitter gain of the
UE antenna are both 0 dBi.

4. EIRP(dBm)

UE EIRP (dBm)
= UE Tx Power (dBm) - Body Loss (dB) + Gain of UE Tx Antenna (dBi)
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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget
5. Gain of BS Rx Antenna (dBi)
Kathrein 741794
Frequency range
1710~2170MHz (dual
band for DCS
and UMTS)
Polarization +45

, -45


Gain 18.5dBi
HPBW (1920~2170MHz)
Horizontal: 63


Vertical:6.5


Electrical tilt Fixed, 2


Side lobe suppression for 1
st

side lobe above horizon
>14dB
Front-to-back ratio, co-polar >30dB
Dimension (Height / Width /
Depth)
1302 mm / 155 mm /
69 mm
Weight 6.6kg
Kathrein 741790
Frequency range 1920~2170MHz
Polarization Vertical
Gain 11dBi
HPBW Vertical: 7


Electrical tilt Fixed, 0


Dimension (Height) 1387 mm
Weight 5kg

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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget
6.
Cable Loss (dB)

Includes feeders and connectors


losses between the cabinet top
and the antenna connector.

Lower jumper

Connector

Feeder

Upper jumper

Etc.

Except for the feeder, the loss is


relatively constant. Assume that
the feeder loss is 0.8 dB @ 2GHz.

7/8-inch feeder: 6.1 dB / 100m

5/4-inch feeder: 4.5 dB / 100m



Bracket
Bracket
Tilt adjuster
Antenna
Upper jumper
Feeder
Feeder window
Lightning arrester
Lower jumper
Feeder fixing clip
Feeder grounding clip
Feeder installation
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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget
7. Noise Figure (dB)

It is used to measure the noise performance of an amplifier.

Amount of noise (dB) added to receive path by low noise


amplifier of Base Station.




Thermal noise of receiver (unit bandwidth):

PN = KTBWNF
= -174 (dBm/Hz) + 10lg(3.84MHz / 1Hz) + NF(dB)
= -108 (dBm/3.84MHz) + NF (dB)
NF = SNR
i
/ SNR
o

= (S
i
/ N
i
) / (S
o
/ N
o
)
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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget
8. Eb/Norequired (dB)

It is obtained through link simulation. It depends on:

Service

UE speed

Radio Channel

9.
Sensitivity of BS Receiver (dBm)

Signal level required at input of receiver

Sensitivity of Receiver (dBm)


= -174 (dBm/Hz) + NF (dB) + 10log(3.84MHz)
+ Eb/Norequired (dB) Processing Gain
= -108 (dBm/3.84Hz) + NF (dB) + Eb/Norequired (dB) + 10log[Rb(kHz)]
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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget
10. Background Noise Level (dBm)

External electromagnetic interference sources:

Wireless transmitters (GSM, microwave, radar,


television station, and so)

Automobile ignition

Lighting

When planning for a specific area, it is


recommended to estimate the interference level
through noise test.
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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget
11. Margin for Background Noise (dB)

Assume that the noise of a device (NodeB or UE) is X


dBm, and the external interference power is Y dBm, the
margin for the external interference can be calculated:

Margin for Background Noise =
10log (10
X /10
+ 10
Y /10
) dBm- X dBm
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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget
12.
Penetration Loss (dB)

Indoor penetration loss refers to the difference between the


average signal strength outside the building and the average
signal strength of one layer of the building.

Penetration loss is related to building type, entrance angle of the


electric wave, and so on.

It is uneconomical to provide good indoor coverage through an


outdoor BS. The indoor coverage shall be provided for by an
indoor coverage solution.

In the actual construction of a commercial network, the


penetration loss margin is usually specified by the operator in
order to compare the planning results of different manufacturers.
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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget
13. Fast Fading Margin (dB)

In link budget, the estimated Eb/No of


receiver is based on the assumption of
perfect power control.

In actual system, this assumption is


invalid due to limited transmit power of
transmitter, thus introducing non-deal
factor in closed loop power control.

Fast fading margin, or PC headroom, is


included to account for the additional
margin needed in the mobile station
transmission power to maintain adequate
power.

Simulation results shows:


As headroom decreases, Eb/No
increase.
For Eb/Norequired > 7dB, an increase
of Eb/Norequired by 1dB corresponds
to a decrease of PC headroom by
1dB.
PC headroom vs. Eb/No
target
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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget
14. Edge coverage Probability

If the maximum output power of UE cannot compensate for the path


loss to ensure Smin required, an outage will occur to the link .

For a UE at a distance of d, the link disconnection probability is as


follows:




Pr
outage
(d) =Pr { P
max,UE
- PL(d) < S
min
}

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SF x o , ( ) dnorm x 0 , o , ( ) :=
30 20 10 0 10 20 30
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
SF x 8 , ( )
SF x 10 , ( )
SF x 12 , ( )
x
SF_M x o , ( ) pnormx 0 , o , ( ) :=
20 16 12 8 4 0 4 8 12 16 20
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
SF_M x 8 , ( )
SF_M x 10 , ( )
SF_M x 12 , ( )
x








Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget
15. Slow Fading Margin (dB)

Slow Fading Margin (dB) = Required Edge coverage Probability Std. dev. of Slow Fading (dB)

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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget
16. Uplink Cell Loading



Uplink cell loading is used to measure the uplink load of a cell.

The higher the uplink cell loading, the higher the uplink interference.

If the uplink load is about 100% , the uplink interference becomes


infinite, and the corresponding capacity is the utmost capacity.
( ) ( )
( )

+ = + =
N
j j j o b
N
j UL
W
v R N E
i L i
1 1
/
1 1 q
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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget
17. Uplink Interference Margin (dB)
UL
N
j
N
TOT
L
P
I
NoiseRise
q
=

= =

1
1
1
1
1
50% Load 3dB
60% Load 4dB
75% Load 6dB
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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget
18.
SHO Gain over Fast Fading (dB)
19.
SHO Gain over Slow Fading (dB)

These values are obtain through simulation

The soft handover gain includes two parts:

Multiple unrelated soft handover branches lower


the required margin for fading, which results in
multi-cell gain.

Gain for the link demodulation of the soft


handover marco diversity combining gain.

The SHO Gain over Fast Fading refer to the macro


diversity combining gain.
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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget
20. Minimum Signal Strength Required (dBm)

After interference factors and the factors degrading the


performance are considered, the signal strength required
by the correct demodulation is receiver sensitivity in the
network.

Minimum Signal Strength Required


= Sensitivity of Receiver (dBm) - Gain of Antenna (dBi)
+ Body Loss (dB) + Interference Margin (dB)
+ Margin for Background Noise (dB) - SHO Gain
over fast fading (dB) + Fast Fading Margin (dB)
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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget

Summary: Cell edge path loss

Based on the maximum path loss allowed by the link,


the path loss median at the cell edge can be calculated
if the fading margin and soft handover gain for providing
the required edge/area coverage probability and the
penetration loss of indoor coverage are considered.

Path Loss (dB) = [ EiRP (dBm) - Minimum Signal


Strength Required (dBm) ] - Penetration Loss (dB) -
Slow Fading Margin (dB) + SHO Gain over Slow
Fading (dB)
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Chapter 1 WCDMA Network Planning Process
Chapter 2 Uplink Budget
Chapter 3 Downlink Budget
Chapter 4 Coverage Enhancement Technologies
Internal Use
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Fundamental Principle

Link Budget: Link


Budget intends to
estimate the system
coverage by
analyzing the factors
of the propagation
of the forward signal
and reverse signal,
in order to obtain the
maximum
propagation loss
after certain
communications
quality is ensured.
TX
Combiner
Duplexer
Feeder
RX
Pout_BS
Lc_BS
Lf_BS
Ga_BS NodeB
TX
RX
Pout_UE
Ga_UE
UE
Combiner
Duplexer
Body Loss
Fading
Margin
Penetration
Loss
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Algorithm
PLDL = Pout,BS Lf,BS + Ga_BS + Ga,UE + Ga,SHO Mpc Mf MI
Lp Lb
SUE

PLDL : Maximum propagation loss of the downlink

Pout,UE : Maximum transmit power of the traffic channel of the BS

Lf,BS : Cable loss

Ga,BS : Antenna gain of the BS; Ga_UE: Antenna gain of the MS

Ga,SHO : Gain of soft handover

Mpc : Margin for fast power control

Mf : Slow fading margin (related to the propagation environment)

MI : Interference margin (related to the designed system capacity)

Lp : Penetration loss of a building (used if indoor coverage is required)

Lb : Body loss

SUE : Sensitivity of UE receiver (related to factors such as service and


multi-path condition)
Downlink (forward)
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Elements of WCDMA Downlink Budget

Max Power of TCH

Cable Loss

Gain of BS Tx Antenna

EIRP

Gain of UE Rx Antenna

Body Loss

Noise Figure (UE)

Eb/No Required (UE)

Sensitivity of UE Receiver

DL Cell Loading

Interference Margin

Background Noise Level

Margin for Background Noise

SHO Gain over Fast Fading

Fast Fading Margin

Minimum Signal Strength


Required

Penetration Loss

Std. dev. of Slow Fading

Edge coverage Probability

Slow Fading Margin

SHO Gain over Slow Fading


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Elements of WCDMA Downlink Budget
Downlink Cell Loading
Downlink cell loading factor is defined in two ways:

Downlink cell loading load at the receiver:




This definition is similar to that of the uplink cell loading:

The higher downlink cell loading, the higher cell transmit power,
and the higher the receiver interference.

When the downlink cell loading is 100% , the corresponding


capacity is the utmost capacity of the downlink.

Downlink cell loading at the receiver: The ratio of the current cell
transmit power to the maximum BS transmit power. Characteristics:

The higher downlink cell loading, the higher cell transmit power.
The downlink cell loading is related to service type, UE receiver
performance, cell size, and BS capability.

( ) ( )
(

+ =
N
j
j
j o b j j DL
v
W
R
N E i
1
/ 1 o q
Currently, the later definition is used in the link budget tool.
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: 1.78
Elements of WCDMA Downlink Budget
Downlink Interference Margin (dB)

Downlink interference at UE receiver:




The downlink load factor is:




The link budget tool uses the following typical values:

orthogonal factor : Obtained through simulation. Related to


environment type and cell radius.

Cell edge adjacent-cell interference factor


N
N
N
n
n j
T
j
T
j
N
total
P
P
PL
P
PL
P
P
I
j NoiseRise
+ +
= =

=1
,
1
) 1 (
) (

o
j DL
f
,

=
N
n
n j
own j
PL
PL
1
,
,
j
o
( )
( )

=
(

+ =
J
j
j DL j
j j j o b
DL
f
W
R V N E
1
,
) 1 (
/
o q
,where =
Ratio of other cell to own cell
base station power
Internal Use
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Chapter 1 WCDMA Network Planning Process
Chapter 2 Uplink Budget
Chapter 3 Downlink Budget
Chapter 4 Coverage Enhancement Technologies
Internal Use
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Tower Mounted Amplifier (TMA)

TMA

Located near the antenna


A TMA is Low noise amplifier


Helps to improve the uplink receive


sensitivity and enhances the uplink
coverage

A TMA usually has 0.7dB loss in the


downlink.

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4- Antennas Receive Diversity

4Antenna receive diversity

4Antenna receive diversity has two


types

Two Cross-polar antennas

Four antennas

4Antenna receive diversity helps to


improve the uplink receive
performance

Improve the uplink coverage and


capacity performance

4Antenna receive diversity need


equipment support


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4-antennas Receive Diversity

Compare 2RxDiv> 4RxDiv

Reduce the requirement


about Eb/No



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4-antennas Receive Diversity

Compared with a double-antenna receive diversity, 4-antenna


receive diversity requires lower Eb/No.

Gain of 4-antenna receive diversity (compared with double-


antenna receive diversity)
Area Channel Eb/No improvement
Capacity-based
gain
Coverage-based
gain
High-density
urban area
TU3 2.4 1.73 1.37
Common urban
area
TU3 2.4 1.73 1.37
Suburb RA120 2.5 1.77 1.39
Rural area RA120 2.5 1.77 1.39
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