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Presentation By: Tarun Kumar Matriaya EC-B VII SEM Roll No: 0700131202
Outline
Summer Training at North Central Railways, Allahabad from 30th June, 2009 to 30th July, 2009. An amazing experience as I got to see, How exactly the communication system works for Indian Railways. Main Objective was to learn Optical Fibre Communication In Railways.
Contents
Introduction to Indian Railways Introduction to Optical Fibres. Advantages of Optical Fibres. Disadvantages of Optical Fibres. Application of Optical Fibres. Types Of Optical Fibres. Optical Fibre Communication Working of OFC. Use Of OFC in Railways.
November 1947 : John Mathai (not formerly designated as Minister to Railways) presents the first Railways budget for Independent India.
Present Railway Minister: Dinesh Trivedi.
Optical Fibre
An optical fibre ( or fiber ) is a glass or plastic fibre that carries light along its length.
It has two main component layers: A Core & A Cladding. Light is kept in th core of optical fibre. Cladding is for the protection of fibre.
Areas Of Application
Telecommunication Local Area Networks Cable TV CCTV Optical Fibre Sensors
Material Used.
The Core , & the lower refractive index Cladding , are typically made of high quality silica glass, though they can be both made of plastic as well.
plastic jacket
fiber core
Mode Of Propagation
Two main categories that are used in Fibre Optic Communications are: Multi-mode Optical Fibre
Single Mode Optical Fibre
Multi-mode Fibres
Multi-mode fibers used to transmit many
signals per fiber They (used in computer cores(62.5 networks). have larger
Index Profile
The boundary between
the core and cladding may either be abrupt,
in step-index fiber, or
gradual, in
graded-
index fiber.
Step-Index
A step-index fiber has a central core with a
uniform refractive index. An outside cladding that also has a uniform refractive index surrounds the core; However, the refractive index of the cladding is less than that of the central core.
Graded-Index
In graded-index fiber, the index of refraction
in the core decreases continuously between the axis and the cladding. This causes light rays to bend smoothly as they approach the cladding, rather than reflecting abruptly from the core-cladding boundary.