D.

Babu(101798)

The first central electric station was installed by Edison in Newyork in 1882 which is operated at 110v DC
It is interesting to know as to why then AC almost replaced all DC lines and why DC is again being used for some high voltage transmission lines

Reasons for power generated, transmitted, distributed and consumed as alternating current
Transformer Induction motors Commutators

Strong technical reasons for direct current transmission

High charging currents in AC Asynchronous interconnection Economical after break even distance

Cost comparison of ac and dc transmission

Cost of AC Line Cost Break even distance Cost of DC Line

Cost of DC terminal Cost of AC terminal 500 700 km Distance in km

Types of HVDC links

Monopolar Bipolar Homopolar

Monopolar line
Usually the line is operated with negative polarity as the corona loss and radio interferences are less

Modes of Operation
Bipolar
Smoothing Reactor
Thyristor Valves

DC OH Line

Smoothing Reactor
Thyristor Valves

Current

Converter Transformer

Converter Transformer

Current

400 kV AC Bus
AC Filters, Reactors

400 kV AC Bus
AC Filters

Modes of Operation
Monopolar Metallic Return
Smoothing Reactor
Thyristor Valves

DC OH Line

Smoothing Reactor
Thyristor Valves

Converter Transformer

Current

Converter Transformer

400 kV AC Bus
AC Filters, Reactors

400 kV AC Bus
AC Filters

Modes of Operation
Monopolar Ground Return
Smoothing Reactor
Thyristor Valves

DC OH Line

Smoothing Reactor
Thyristor Valves

Converter Transformer

Current

Converter Transformer

400 kV AC Bus
AC Filters, Reactors

400 kV AC Bus
AC Filters

Homopolar link
Two or more conductors with same polarity usually negative for the reason of corona and radio interference and always operate with ground as the return

Parallel and series connections of thyristor

o Parallel -Current rating will increase o Series voltage ratings will increase

Parallel operation of DC link with AC network

Stability of AC network can be increased if it is kept in parallel with DC line

Single Line Diagram

Talcher Converter Station Smoothing Reactor Thyristor Valves

DC OH Line

Kolar Converter Station Smoothing Reactor Thyristor Valves

DC Filter: DT 12/24 DT 12/36

DC Filter: DT 12/24 DT 12/36

Converter Transformer
DC Filter: DT 12/24 DT 12/36 DC Filter: DT 12/24 DT 12/36

Converter Transformer

400 kV AC Bus
AC Filters, Reactors

400 kV AC Bus
AC Filters

POWERGRID (Engg-HVDC)

6-Pulse Convertor Bridge

Ld

Id

1
Ls iA

E1

Ls

iB V'd Vd

Ls

iC

2 Id

12-Pulse Convertor Bridge

Salient Features
Rectifier Talcher, Orissa

Inverter
Distance Rated Power Operating Voltage Reduced Voltage

Kolar, Karnataka
1400 km 2000 MW 500 kV DC 400 kV DC

POWERGRID (Engg-HVDC)

Simplified SLD at Talcher

Gen 6 Gen 5 Gen 4 Gen 3 Gen 2 Gen 1 ICT

BS 2B

BS 1B

BS 2A

BS 1A

BS 3A

Meramundali-II BS 3B Meramundali-I

Rengali-II Rengali-I

Rourkela-II Rourkela-I

ICT

Y ACF3 Y Pole2

Y Pole1

ACF2

ACF1

POWERGRID (Engg-HVDC)

HVDC POLE-1

HVDC POLE-2

TO FILTER-2

TO FILTER-1

400 KV BUS-1

400 KV BUS-2 HVDC # 1 HVDC # 2 HVDC # 3 HVDC # 4

Bus # 3 Bus # 4

Bus # 5 Bus # 6

ST # 3 ST # 2 GT # 3 GT # 4 GT # 5

GT # 6

MWT-3

MWT-4

MWT-5

MWT-6

GENERAT OR # 3

GENERAT OR # 4

GENERAT OR # 5

GENERAT OR # 6

STAGE-II POWER FLOW SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM

Simplified SLD at Kolar

ICT Future ICT Chennai Hosur I Hosur II Hoody I Hoody II Cuddapah Bangalore Future Line

BS 1A

BS 1B

Y ACF1 ACF2 Y Y

Y ACF3

Pole1

Pole2

POWERGRID (Engg-HVDC)

Logic for unit tripping during HVDC single pole outage

block deblock

deblock Pole 1

block Pole 2

S Power > 1750

Trip Identified Unit

TSTPP Stg II all four Units running with full capacity Ex-bus Generation shall be around 1850 MW or less. While all four Units running, if one HVDC pole is blocked & NTPC Ex-bus Generation is more than 1750 MW, one identified unit shall trip instantaneously.

Logic for unit tripping during HVDC Both pole outage

S Power Trip Unit # 5

> 550

block
Pole 1

block
Pole 2 S Power > 1100

T1 250 ms

Trip Unit # 4

T2 500 ms

Trip
Unit # 6

Logic for unit tripping during HVDC Both pole outage

Both HVDC poles blocked & TSTPP Stg II Ex-bus generation is more than 550 MW & less than 1100MW. Unit # 5 shall trip instantaneously. Unit # 4 shall trip after time delay of 250 m sec. Unit # 6 shall trip after time delay of 500 m sec.

Both HVDC poles blocked & TSTPP Stg II Ex-bus generation is more than 1100 MW.

Unit # 5 & 6 shall trip instantaneously.

Unit # 4 shall trip after time delay of 250 m sec.

Existing HVDC in INDIA

1 Rihand-Dadri (1500MW) 2 - Vindyachal (500MW) 3 - Chandrapur-Padghe (1500 MW) 4 - Chandrapur-Ramagundam (1000MW) 5 Barsoor-Lower Sileru (100MW) 6 Gajuwaka (500MW) 7 - Sasaram (500MW) 8 - Talcher-Kolar (2000MW)

Existing HVDC projects in INDIA

HVDC Bipolar Line Chandrapur-Padghe Rihand-Dadri Talcher-Kolar Balia-Bhiwadi Biswanath-Agra HVDC Monopole Line Barsur-Lower Sileru

HVDC Back-to-back Vindhachal Chandrapur Gazuwaka Sasaram

Advantages
Power per conductor Power per circuit No charging current No skin effect Less corona loss and radio interference No stability problem Less short circuit currents No compensation

Disadvantages
Expensive converters and transmission lines Voltage transformations DC circuit breaking is difficult