(Aeronautical Fluid Dynamics)

-
3-3-0

:
Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics
by Munson, Young, and Okiishi

:

Contents

- CH. 6.8 6.9 : Viscous Flow

- CH. 7 : Similitude, Dimensional Analysis, and Modeling

- CH. 8 : Viscous Flow in Pipes

- CH. 9 ; flow over Immersed Bodies
6.8 Viscous Flow

6.8.1 Stress-Deformation Relationships for Incompressible
Newtonian Fluids

1. Stress Rates of Deformation








; negative of the average of the three normal stresses

* Note
- for viscous fluid in motion ; at a point
- stress rate of deformation(or rate of strain)
2 , 2 , 2 : (6.125 , , )
xx yy zz
u v w
p p p a b c
x y z
o o o
c c c
= + = + = +
c c c
, ,
xy yx yz zy zx xz
u v v w w u
y x z y x z
t t t t t t
| | | | c c c c c c
| |
= = + = = + = = +
| | |
c c c c c c
\ .
\ . \ .
1/ 3( )
xx yy zz
where p o o o = + +
s z y x
p p p p = = =

6.8 Viscous Flow

(6.125 , , ) d e f
1. Equation
- Vector Notation
- Scalar Components






2. well-posed problem and Ill-posed problem
* well-posed ; no. of unknowns = no. of equations
* ill-posed ; # of unknowns # of equations
V g p
Dt
V D

2
V + + V =
2 2 2
2 2 2
(6.127 )
x
u u u u p u u u
u v w g a
t x y z x x y z

| | | | c c c c c c c c
+ + + = + + + +
| |
c c c c c c c c
\ . \ .
2 2 2
2 2 2
(6.127 )
y
v v v v p v v v
u v w g b
t x y z y x y z

| | | | c c c c c c c c
+ + + = + + + +
| |
c c c c c c c c
\ . \ .
2 2 2
2 2 2
(6.127 )
z
w w w w p w w w
u v w g c
t x y z z x y z

| | | | c c c c c c c c
+ + + = + + + +
| |
c c c c c c c c
\ . \ .
=
6.8.2 The Navier-Stokes Equations
* For incompressible flow ;
# of equations ; 3 momentum equations + continuity equation
# of unknowns

3. Navier-Stokes Equations = Governing Differential Equations
of Motion for Incompressible Newtonian Fluid

p w v u , , ,
Claude Louis Marie Henri Navier
Born: 10 Feb 1785 in Dijon, France
Died: 21 Aug 1836 in Paris, France
Claude Navier was educated at the cole Polytechnique and
became a professor there in 1831. From 1819 until his death he
was professor at the cole des Ponts et Chausses.

He worked on applied topics such as engineering, elasticity
and fluid mechanics. He made contributions to Fourier series
and their application. He gave the well known Navier-Stokes
equations for an incompressible fluid in 1821. In 1822 he gave
equations for viscous fluids.

A specialist in road and bridge building, he was the first to
develop a theory of suspension bridges which before then had
been built to empirical principles.
George Gabriel Stokes

Born: 13 Aug 1819 in Skreen, County Sligo, Ireland
Died: 1 Feb 1903 in Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, England

6.9.1 Steady Laminar Flow between Fixed Parallel Plates

# Application Limit ; Laminar flow so
1. Velocity Field (see p362 Fig. 6.30)
,
,


2. Navier-Stokes Equation



3. Velocity Profile (see p363 Fig. 6.30b)

; parabolic distribution

400 , 1 / ) 2 ( Re < = h V
o w o v = = ,
/ : continuity equation u x o c c =
/ : for infinite plate u z o c c = / : for steady flow u t o c c =
) ( y u u =
2
2
, , : (6.129, 130, 131)
p u p p
o o g o
x y y z

| | c c c c
= + = =
|
c c c c
\ .
) (
2
1
2 2
h y
x
p
u
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
=

6.9 Some Simple Solutions for Viscous Incompressible Fluids

4. Volume Flow Rate ;




* where : is negative, since the pressure decreases in the
direction of flow
* where ; pressure drop( ) between two points a
distance apart
-The flow is proportional to the pressure gradient, inversely
proportional to the viscosity, and strongly dependent (~ ) on the
gap width.

5. Mean Velocity and maximum velocity


3 3
2 2
(6.135)
3 3
h p h p
q
x l
c A
| |
= =
|
c
\ .
x p c c /
x p l p c c = A / / p A
3
h
l
2
/(2 1) (6.137)
3
h p
V q h
l
A
= =
V
max
u




6. Pressure Variation throughout the Fluid



where ; a reference pressure at

o
p
o y x = =
( )
6.139
o
p
p gy x p
x

c
| |
= + +
|
c
\ .
2 2
max
3
(6.138)
2 2 2
h p h p
u V
x l
c A
| |
= = =
|
c
\ .
# Application Range
applicable only when ; i.e. laminar flow

1. Hagen-Poiseuille(or Poiseuille) flow ; (see p368 Fig. 6.33)
steady, incompressible, laminar flow through a straight circular
tube of constant cross section


2. Velocity Distribution
- and from continuity eq. (6.34) ;
100 , 2 / ) 2 ( Re < = R V
1
( ) (6.146) p gy f z = +
o v o v
r
= =
u
, o z v
z
= c c /
6.9.3 Steady, Laminar Flow in Circular Tubes
for steady, axisymmetric flow ,
-


3. Volume Flow Rate


For a given pressure drop per unit length, the volume flow rate
of flow is inversely proportional to the viscosity and proportional
to the tube radius to fourth power.

4. Mean Velocity and Maximum Velocity, Velocity Distribution

-

) ( ), ( u
z z z z
v v t v v = =
) (r v v
z z
=
2 2
1
( ) (6.148) : parabolic distribution
4
z
p
v r R
z
c
| |
=
|
c
\ .
4
(6.151) : commonly called Poiseuille's Law
8
R p
Q
l
t

A
=
2
2
(6.152)
8
Q R p
V
R l t
A
= =
2 2
max
(6.153)
4 4
R p R p
v
z l
c A
| |
= =
|
c
\ .
so


-

V v 2
max
=
2
max
1 (6.154)
z
v r
v R
| |
=
|
\ .
French physician who developed an improved method for
measuring blood pressure. He also studied the flow of liquid
through tubes, and found that rate of flow depended on the
diameter and length of the tube and pressure difference between
the end. He formulated an equation known as Poiseuille's law
describing the relationship. The unit of viscosity (resistance to
flow) is named the poise in his honor.


Poiseuille, Jean (1797-1869)
In the first half of the nineteenth century, the German Gotthilf
Ludwig Hagen (1797-1884) conducted in 1839 some very
meticulous measurements of the flow of water in small-diameter
tubes[34], utilizing the water temperature instead of the
viscosity as one of the parameters. A few years later the French
physician Jean Louis Poiseuille (1799-1869) repeated the
experiments independently [35], using even liner tubes to
simulate blood vessels, and oil and mercury in addition to water.

Except in Germany, the phenomenon is known as Poiseuille
flow, even though neither Poiseuille nor Hagen really understood
the mathematics of the phenomenon. Hagen, however, had
remarked in an 1854 paper [36] that the flow was not always
laminar, the efflux jet sometimes being clear and sometimes
frosty; similarly, sawdust suspended in the water sometimes
moved in straight lines and sometimes very irregularly; in the
latter instances he noted that his resistance equation no longer
applied.