RECENT ADVANCES IN DENTAL CERAMICS

CONTENTS
Introduction History Glass infiltrated alumina Incerams Procera all ceram Pressable ceramics Machinable ceramics CAD CAM

INTRODUCTION
Though conventional ceramics provide esthetically pleasing retorations they have many drawbacks which limit their use.With more and more studies coming in the field of ceramics and with the advent of digital technology newer and better products are flooding the market these days.The chinese clay of olden days have become the unavoidable product in esthetic dentistry...

* reinforced ceramic core systems

metal-ceramics

resin-bonded ceramics

HISTORY

Since the stone age ceramics have been important for humans. 1789-de_chemant & Duchateau. 1822-baking process. 1825-commercial production by Stockton. 1903-Dr.Charles Land-first ceramic crown 1962-Patents by weinstien and wenstein. 1965-Mclean & Hughes

CLASSIFICATION
ABRASIVEN ESS COMPO SITION PURE ALUMINA PROCESSING METHOD FIRING TEMP. TRANSLU CENCY USE ANT. POST. CROWNS VENEERS P&C

MICRO P.ZIRCONIA SINTERING STRUCT OPAQUE LOW FUSING URE TRANSLUCENT P.SILICA GLASS PARTIAL SINT TRANSPARENT GLASS MEDIUM LEUCITE.G.CER GLASS INFIL. HIGH FUSING CRYTALLINE LITHIA BASED CAD-CAM CRYSTAL -GLASS COPY MILLING

WHY DO WE NEED ADVANCED PRODUCTS ???

 One of the most serious drawbacks with the early dental porcelains were their lack of strength and toughness, which seriously limited their use. In order to overcome these problems, there are two possible solution. 1. One solution is to provide the dental porcelain with support from a stronger substructure.

2. The other option is to produce ceramics, which are stronger and tougher.

Metal free ceramic systems

All ceramic systems can provide better esthetics. Wide range of tranlucency opacities are available Soft tissue health No over contouring

Glass infiltrated alumina

In-ceram alumina Supplied as one of the three core ceramics. 1)in-ceram spinell 2)in-ceram alumina 3)in-ceram zirconia

In - ceram

A slurry of material is slip cast on porous refractory die and heated in a furnace to produce a partially sineterd coping. This coping is infiltrated with glass at temp1100*c -4hrs

In-ceram alumina

Indication-anterior and posterior crowns and anterior 3-unit FPDs. Flexuarl strength-500mPa The final ICA core consists of 70wt% alumina and 30wt%sodiumlnathanum glass.

Advantages

Moderately high flexural strength and fracture resistance. A metal free structure An ability to be used succesfully with conventional luting cements

Drawbacks

Marginal seal is not as good as procera-all ceram or IPS Empress. High degree of opacity Inability to be etched Technique sensitive

In ceram spinnel

Indications-anterior single unit creowna,inlays,onlays & veneers. It is the most translucent among the three . It was introduced as an aletrnative to ICA

 Improved translucency.....better esthetics.

single anterior s

anterior bridges

single posterio rs

posterior bridges

Inlays

onlays

veneers

InCeram Spinell

InCeram Alumina

InCeram Zirconia

In ceram zirconia
Indication-posterior crowns Not recommended in anteriors due to the high degree of opacity But has good modulous of elasticity and fracture toghness. Though it has better strength its use is limited to posteriors due to its greater opacity.

Castable and machinable ceramics

When used in posteriors ceramic crowns are succeptible to fracture. Critical flaw...??

First commercially available castable ceramicdicor,developed by corning glass works. Dicor is a castable glass. Indicated for onlays,facial veneers,full crown restorations. technique......ceramming

Procera all ceram

Composed of densely sintered high purity Aluminium oxide core+all ceram veneering porcelain. Contains 99% alumina. It is one of the hardest among the ceramics.

Indications-anterior & posterior crowns,veneers,onlays... Procera scanner is used. It is developed through CAD-CAM processing.

CAD-CAM ceramics

Computer aided designing and computer aided milling. The internal surface of inlays or crowns is ground with diamond discs according to the scanned image of the praparation

ADVANTAGES

No

wear of the opposing tooth Strength Fracture resistance Low translucensy

Lava zirconia
They are zirconia based products. First the milled prosthesis is removed from the milling unit. The zirconia frame work is placed in the cercon furnace and fire at 1350*C for 6 hours.

The purest tetragonal zirconia has got the greatest fracture toughness and flexural strength. Contra indicated in patients with bruxism. Only minimal occlusal reduction of 2mm needed.

Finesse all ceramic

It is a new product patended to dentsply. Indications-crowns anterior&posterior Veneers Inlays onlays

 Finesse All-Ceramic achieve an ideal bond without the need to create a wash layer Thus saving time and enhancing the strength of the restoration. It is a leucite reinforced ceramic glass material. Flexural strength- 125mPa

"Pressing" - lost wax injection molding At 930C, for 20 min Inherently fluorescent Ideal transparency range from (clear) to (opaceous)

PRESSABLE CERAMICS
Introduces by MAC CULLOCH IN 1968 Here,the glass is formed into the devised shape. Then it is subjected to partial devitrification.a presssure moulding technique is followed.

 IPS empress-is a glass ceramic avialable as ingots, Which can be heated and pressed until the ingots flows into a mold. It contains higher concentration of leucite crystals that increase the resistance to crack propagation. It can be tained ,glazed or built up by layering technique.

ADVANTAGES
No metal component Translucent ceramic core Moderately high flexural strength Excellent fit Excellent esthetics

Disadvantages
Potential to fracture(in posterior) Requires a resin cement to micromechanically bond to the tooth structure.

Y - TZP...??

Yttrium tetragonal zirconia polycrystal

One the latest advacements in the field of all ceramic restorations. Phase transformation from monoclonal to tetragonal on firing. Adding zerconia stablizes the core during this phase transformation.

 Also the presence of water causes crack propagation and stress corrosion reactions. But Y-TZP substructures are independent of this phenomena. In vitro studies show a flexural strength of 9001200mPa.

Hydroxy apatite based ceramics

Cera pearl,developed by Kyocera co. in CA. Here the main ceystalline phase is oxy apatite which can be tranformed to hydroxy apatite on hydration. Commonly used in implants...for better flexural strength and bonding.

Shade
Dimensions of color
Hue Chroma

Value

Metamerism & Flouresence

Conclusion
Advances in the field of ceramics gives hand full of newer products for the dentist. Which will surely enhance the esthetic and strength characters. A carefull selection of these products are essential for successful outcome.

Bibliography
Text book of dental materials-Anusavice. Dental technitian news letter-2009 march Text book of ceramics fabrication-Naylor. Recent advances in ceramicsDr.Jennifer,ohio,USA

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