Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Yannick Li
2003-08
Summary
o Introduction o Indoor coverage objectives o Indoor coverage solutions o UMTS network design for indoor coverage o In-building coverage design
o Conclusion
Introduction
with in-building coverage specific design for strategic buildings Some European cities have installed outdoor microcells and indoor picocells for improving indoor coverage and network capacity with high density of sites
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Introduction
Data service is introduced with the CDMA system evolution to 1XRTT, the packet data service is introduced in a macrocellular network initially designed for voice capacity
Densification of the macrocellular network is the common costeffective solution for increasing the network capacity, and for improving good indoor coverage with high data rate Specific in-building design is the cost-effective solution for strategic buildings for the required perfect indoor coverage, high capacity, and high data rate in indoor areas.
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Introduction
packet data services such GPRS or 1XRTT, were introduced several years after the network being design for voice service, UMTS multi-services are available from day one, the UMTS network indoor coverage design needs the consideration of muti-services for indoor users
coverage quality, the UMTS indoor coverage quality must be at least at the same level as GSM, or better.
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Summary
o Introduction o Indoor coverage objectives o Indoor coverage solutions o UMTS network design for indoor coverage o In-building coverage design
o Conclusion
In UMTS network, Service, Capacity, and Coverage are UMTS indoor coverage requirements can be very
different for different environments or different topologies
Dense urban Urban Suburban Rural Commercial area Business area Residential area
closelly correlated. UMTS indoor coverage means Service/Capacity/Coverage requirement for indoor area
indoor coverage requirements, special design solutuons are needed to meet these specific indoor coverage requirements
Indoor Shopping Mall Hotel Small Office Subway (station, tube) Tunnel High Density Traffic area (Stadium, Shopping area) Skyscraper Underground parking Highway Railway (Station, In-train)
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For suburban indoor coverage area, the typical services to be offered can be considered as
Uplink : Speech, Data (PS64 or CS64) Downlink : Speech, Data (PS144 or CS64)
For rural indoor coverage area, the typical services to be offered can be considered as
Uplink : Speech, Data (PS64) Downlink : Speech, Data (PS64)
The service requirement for different type of specific inbuilding indoor coverage area is often different
Covention centers where Wlan is already deployed Undergroud parking
Speech with low data rate data service for the indoor area such as Speech and high data rate data services for in-building indoor area such as
Office building, Hotel, Airport, Stadium, etc.
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the capacity and coverage are closelly correlated by the fact of cell breathing effect
Summary
o Introduction o Indoor coverage objectives o Indoor coverage solutions o UMTS network design for indoor coverage o In-building coverage design
o Conclusion
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Microcell Layer
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For a large building, a big number of picoBS are necessary to cover the indoor area, in this case, many links are required to connect the picoBS to RNC, and operation cost can be very high Each picoBS has small power and limited coverage range, the capacity of each picoBS is also limited, so the management of traffic and mobility is relatively poor.
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fact that the signals are amplified by the active UMTS repeater, but some uplink capacity loss is unavoidable due to that fact that
The BS uplink Rx diversity for sector in the direction of repeater is not available, The repeater noise figure is usually higher than that of BS.
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Summary
o Introduction o Indoor coverage objectives o Indoor coverage solutions o UMTS network design for indoor coverage o In-building coverage design
o Conclusion
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Coverage (Outdoor, Indoor, uplink, downlink) Quality of coverage (percentage of surface covered)
are colsely correlated. As a multi-service system including packet data, the traffic can be asymmetric, normally downlink traffic is higher than uplink
penetration factor is one of the main contributor to link loss High the indoor penetration loss is used, the smaller the cell range
MS1
x kbps
x kbps
MS2
MS
3
x kbps
MSi
Cell Breathing
y kbps
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1 0
1 0
1 0
1 0
1 0
and Percentage of indoor users for UMTS network radio dimensioning and planning
especially for the lower floors of the building facing to the microcell site antenna
1 0
1 0
1 0
1 0
1 0
mCell
following parameters
IPF= 20 dB for urban area UL : Speech & PS64 DL: Speech & PS384 50% are indoor users
between 300 and 500 meters Density of sites in urban area is in average of 5 sites/km2 Quality of coverage is designed for 90%
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reached the design objective Indoor coverage is relatively good for speech and low data rate data service The availability of DL PS384 service in indoor area is much lower compared to outdoor area, and can be very different from one building to other.
outdoor users From operational point of view, it will be an uneasy task to find new sites with cell radius < 300 meters
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the indoor coverage with high data rate, but two factors need careful consideration
Cost: the number of microcells should be enough big to reach the required capacity aad coverage over a significant zone, the cost can several times higher than the macrocellular deployment Spectrum: Each operator have only 2 or 3 WCDMA carriers, using a separate carrier for deploying microcells means lose capacity from macrocellular layer, also the underlay microcellular layer will reduce the macrocellular layer capacity due to adjacent channel interference, a good balance has to be found.
Picocells or indoor specific design allows to improve the capacity and coverage of a limited number of buildings.
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will be tremoudously improved by the coming feature HSDPA(High Speed Down Link Packet data Access) in near future, especially for indoor users having low mobility Wireless Lan starts to be widely deployed. It is a cheap solution for indoor data service. Wlan could become a complementary solution for indoor data service coverage
solution, many solutions exist, the optimium solution is the combination of several solutions which allow to reach the indoor coverage targets at lowest cost
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Summary
o Introduction o Indoor coverage objectives o Indoor coverage solutions o UMTS network design for indoor coverage o In-building coverage design
o Conclusion
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Indoor picocellular solution is to install many low power picocellular base stations, the maximum power of local area BS for picocellular application is specified as <=24 dBm by 3GPP The typical indoor picocell cell range is 50 meters, for reaching a perfect indoor coverage, a significant number of pico BS are necessary When a large number of pico BS are installed in a specific building, the capacity of outdoor microcells and/or macrocells is reduced due to co-channel & adjacent channel interferences
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dedicated normal base station with distrubuted antenna systems (antennae, leaky cable, etc) in a specific building to reach the high capacity and perfect coverage
The dedicated base station (#CEM, Tx Power) is dimensioned for the required service and capacity for the building to cover The antenna system is chosed by considering
Low cost Building size & form Installation facility, for example, some building has already the built-in fiber optic connection system
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Distributed antenna
system
RF coaxial cable distribution antenna system (DAS)
Leaky cable
Same appearance as coaxial cables with some holes in outer layer, allowing RF radiations
signals strength from outdoor macrocells is the first step for indoor design
Two important
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EH
LGC DAS
RAU
Indoor Antennas
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Wlan is a competition to UMTS indoor picocells, it offers UMTS indoor coverage design needs to take into account
the availability of Wlan in the building
For the indoor area, such as meeting room, airport, etc, where is already covered by Wlan, the UMTS indoor service should be set as speech and message mainly, high data rate users, at least an important part of high data will be carried by Wlan
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Antennae
Operation cost
Site survey Radio design
Installation
Optimisation
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Summary
o Introduction o Indoor coverage objectives o Indoor coverage solutions o UMTS network design for indoor coverage o In-building coverage design
o Conclusion
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B T S
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Node B
Repeater
Node B
Repeater
UE
UE
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Repeater
53.5 dB
53.5 dB
45 dB
35 dB
5 MHz
f0
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Node B
Repeater
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Port A
Port B
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repeater
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isolation
Repeater
Possible saturation
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X
BS_B Repeater A
X
UE_A
UE B
BS B
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The utilisation of Repeater is recommended only as a complementary coverage extension with downlink capacity enhancement to some isolated indoor area, the number of repeaters should be minimised in urban area where high density of sites are deployed
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coverage extension, but potential network performance degradation must be taken into account
Artificial multi-path with an additional delay created by the repeater Dead zone created by the high repeater in-band gain which is needed for the compensation of propagation pathloss between node B and the repeater
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Nortel recommends
The utilisation of repeaters as a cheap and quick solution for UMTS coverage extension and downlink capacity enhancement to isolated indoor area Not to use repeater as a general solution for UMTS capacity & coverage
Summary
o Introduction o Indoor coverage objectives o Indoor coverage solutions o UMTS network design for indoor coverage o In-building coverage design
o Conclusion
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Multi-layer definition
Macrocell: Antenna is placed above roof top Microcell: Antenna is placed below roof top in the street Picocell: picoBS is installed inside of building (typical cell range ~ 50 m)
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Existing sectors are up tilted to cover the upper floors of the buildings
required, the indoor coverage is often poor. In this case, The same carrier can be used in the indoor design, but special care has to be made for avoiding any signal leakage to outside.
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capacity requirements If needed, indoor design with normal BS or picocells to offer the complementary coverage and capacity Keeping the macrocellular sites or rmoving them will depend the coverage and capacity of the surounding area.
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Skyscraper
The installation of outdoor macrocellular site antennae on the top of skyscraper MUST be avoided
Skyscraper in-building
coverage
An important indoor area of upper floors is covered by the outdoor macrocells around the skyscaper An important indoor area of lower floors is can be covered by the outdoor microcells In-building design or indoor picocells can be designed to give the complementary coverage and capacity
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Node B
Repeater 1
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Repeater 2
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Subway Tunnel
Corridor
radiating cable
feeder
Corridor
Source
Amplifier
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Yagi antennas
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Summary
o Introduction o Indoor coverage objectives o Indoor coverage solutions o UMTS network design for indoor coverage o In-building coverage design
o Conclusion
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Recommendation
coverage, there is not the unique solution which is the best. The choice of indoor coverage solutions should be in line with operators business plan and investment plan deployment experiences, the following solutions are recommended
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Recommendation
iii) Specific in-building design with dedicated BS with distribution antenna system for some identified strategic buildings for which high capacity and perfect coverage are required iv) Use UTRA-FDD repeater to extend coverage to small isolated house or underground parking v) Skyscraper needs special design approach, putting macrocellular site antenna on the top of skyscraper must be avoided, the skyscraper should be covered by the macrocellular sites installed around, and completed by in-building design
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Recommendation
iv) Design microcells to fill the outdoor coverage hole v) Design microcellular zone in the high traffic hot spots area vi) Use repeater to extend coverage to remote and isolated area, such as underground parking, isolated small building vii) Use Wlan for indoor users for high data rate service where Wlan is deployed viii) Use the UMTS advanced features to increase capacity and coverage HSDPA Tx diversity Beam forming MIMO
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Recommendation
Microcellularisation & picocelluarisation
i) Use dedicated carriers to design microcells or picocells when the global traffic becomes too high to be carried by the macrocellular network. ii) The ideal is to use the new frequencies in 2500-2690 MHz band for microcellular and picocellular deployment, the new frequency band for UMTS will be available from 2008 or 2010.
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Summary
o Introduction o Indoor coverage objectives o Indoor coverage solutions o UMTS network design for indoor coverage o In-building coverage design
o Conclusion
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Conclusion
Picocells
In-building design Repeater
Multi-service
Traffic asymmetry
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Conclusion
Limited number of carriers (2 or 3 per operator) Wlan is deployed in parallel for indoor data service, interconnection of Wlan and UMTS, also the integration of Wlan to UTRAN is under discussion
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