SELECTION OF GASKETS

Presented by:
Imtiaz Ali 2010-CH-71 Qamar Abbas 2010-CH-85

CONTENTS
Introduction to Gaskets Why gaskets are used? How gaskets seal. Selection of Gaskets Classification of Gaskets. Types of Gaskets Gaskets positioning Gasket selection Classification Heat exchanger gasket selection Reliability

INTRODUCTION TO GASKETS
Gasket is a device for sealing two surfaces, by storing energy between them

CONTD

With sensitive awareness of safety and environmental issues, reducing leaks from flanged assemblies has become major priority for industry. It is therefore important for companies who use gaskets to choose the correct material for the job and to install and maintain it correctly to ensure optimum performance.

They are used to prevent leaks at joints and to withstand harsh operating conditions of temperature, pressure loading, relative physical movement of equipment

WHY WE USE GASKETS?

To confine; gas, oil, water, vacuum or exhaust Seal out foreign objects such as; Dirt, Water Must withstand heat, cold, pressure, erosion, corrosion, moisture and oil

HOW GASKETS SEAL?

A gasket is balanced by a combination of forces namely: Compressive load Hydraulic end thrust Extrusion forces Assembly load Assembly stress

GASKET AFTER PROLONGED USE

SELECTION OF GASKETS

PROCEDURE FOR SELECTION OF GASKETS

Check the survey and pressure capability guidelines on the following pages to determine the most likely gasket type for your application. These charts provide general guidelines on the operational limits of our gasket materials.. 2. Check details on pages 19 and 20 for specific service information.

Check your compatibility.

choice(s)

for

chemical

Check your choice for pressure / temperature capability using the PT diagrams for each gasket material. Follow guidelines on storage, handling and assembly given on pages 24 and 25.

SELECTION OF GASKETS
Selection is based on the following factors Temperature of the media to be contained Pressure of the media to be contained Corrosive nature of the applicat Criticality of the application

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE
In most selection processes, the temperature of the fluid at the gasketed joint should be considered first. This will reduce the number of product candidates quickly, especially as temperatures go from 200F (95C) to 1000F (540C). When system operating temperatures are approaching a particular gasket material's maximum continuous operating temperature limit, an upgrade to a superior material is suggested.

EFFECT OF PRESSURE

Next to be considered is the internal pressure of the fluid at the gasketed joint. We list the maximum pressure limits for each style. If severe and frequent pressure changes are involved, we should be given the details, since an alternative product may be needed.

EFFECT OF MEDIA
There are thousands of different fluids. We cannot make recommendations for all fluids. Fortunately, however, a relatively limited number of fluids make up the vast majority of the media encountered in industry. A general overview of fluid compatibility is provided for our most popular styles. System clean out and flushes should also be considered.

APPLICATION
The most important information under Application is the type of flange and bolts used. The number, size, and grade of bolts used in the application determines the load available. The surface area being compressed is calculated from the gasket contact dimensions. The load from the bolts and the contact area of the gasket result in the compressive load available to seal the gasket.

TYPES OF GASKETS
On the basis of design On the basis of material of construction

ON THE BASIS OF MATERIAL OF CONSTRUCTION

Non-Metallic (Elastomers, Cork, Compressed Fibre, Graphite, PTFE etc.) Semi-Metallic (Spiral-Wound, Clad Joints, Kammprofile, etc.) Metallic (API Ring Joints, Lens Rings etc.)

SOFT GASKET
A Soft Gasket material is a term used when referring to a gasket material that is easily compressed under a low bolt load. This term has been used to distinguish the difference from a metallic gasket.

METALLIC GASKETS
Equally important as non-metallic Thermally discouraged Corruplus seals Sigma seals High techseals C seals Flange groove seals Spiral wound gaskets

METALLIC GASKETS

RUBBER GASKETS

Versatility Heat transfer equipments Ability to deform substantially under stress application and then snap back to almost back to original size Incompressible, change in shape, volume constant Heat gradually, but irreversibly Cooling causes to become rigid and brittle Prolonged deformation leading to compression set

PLASTIC GASKETS

Polytetraflouroethylene Aggressive and toxic fluids Thermoplastics best suited Temperature range can be 190 to 250C Poor resilience Tendency to flow under load

PLASTIC GASKETS

JACKETED GASKET

This form merges the efficiency and flexibility of soft gaskets (made of rubber or plastic) with the resistance and durability of an external metal coating

SOLID GASKET

Solid gaskets are typically formed of metal and are a relatively inexpensive alternative to jacketed gaskets. They have high thermal and pressure resistance

NON-METALLIC
Non-metallic gaskets are used in Raised Face (RF), Flat Face (FF), Welding Neck (WN), and Slip On (SO) flanges. Typically, the outside diameter dimension is the bolt circle diameter minus one bolt diameter unless a full face gasket is requested.

GASKET MATERIAL
Elastomeric and Fiber Sheet Compressed Non-Asbestos Sheet Virgin / Glass-Filled / Reprocessed PTFE Sheet Expanded PTFE Sheet PTFE Joint Sealant PTFE Envelope Gaskets Flexible Graphite Sheet Mica Sheet Ceramic Fiber

GASKET THICKNESS
It is very important to select as thin a gasket as practicable. The reasons for this are:

1. In many cases thinner material requires a lower minimum stress to create a seal. 2, Stress relaxation resistance (the ability of a gasket to withstand the effects of stress and temperature without undue thickness decrease) decreases with increasing gasket thickness.

CONTD

3. Thinner material has superior loadbearing capacity. However, the gasket has to have sufficient thickness to allow deformation to the surface roughness and irregularities and imperfections of the flange

WHAT CAUSES LEAKS

Worn or damaged seals Worn or damaged gaskets Worn or bent parts or shafts Fasteners over tighten or to loose wrong parts or gaskets nicks or burrs Improper installation

HEAT EXCHANGER GASKET

SELECTIOIN

Nature of fluid Operating temperature range Pressure or vacuum conditions Possibility of cycling conditions, surge pressures, vibration etc. Shape and dimension of seating surface Texture of seating Initial cost availability

HEAT EXCHANGER GASKETS

The size restrictions for heat exchanger gaskets depend only on the available sizes of the materials Heat exchanger gaskets are commonly made in dia up to 120", thicknesses can be from 3.2mm to 13mm generally Material can be soft iron, copper, brass, stainless steel, aluminum, titanium etc.

GASKETS FOR HEAT EXCHANGERS

PROBLEMS WITH THE GASKETS AND THE SOLUTIONS

Excessive Wear Pattern Fluid Degradation Spring De-lamination Thermal Degradation

EXCESSIVE WEAR PATTERN

Problem

An excessive wear pattern can result from internal pressure, high misalignment / runout or an oversized shaft. A wide wear pattern will result in ineffective sealing.

Solution

Determine maximum operating parameters, and use seal design recommended for the application

CONTD

FLUID DEGRADATION
Problem
Fluid

degradation is a result of incompatibility between lubricant or coolant and the sealing element material. Excessive swelling or element distortion will develop.

Solution

Verify application coolant and lubricants, then utilize recommended seal design and materials.

CONTD

SPRING DELAMINATION
Problem

Excessive deflection, elevated temperature or improper preparation can separate the spring and sealing element, causing leakage.

Solution

Upgrade to seal with additional shaftto-bore capability. If temperature is elevated, use alternate sealing material to meet application requirements.

THERMAL DEGRADATION
Problem

Thermal degradation typically results from increased temperature at the sealing interface. Breaks or cracks that develop on the primary sealing lip may cause leakage or contamination.

Solution

Upgrade the sealing element material to satisfy the application temperature requirements

REFERENCES

http://www.victaulic.com/docs/lit/05.01.PDF http://www.bossinc.com/Failure_Analysis.pp t http://dc.ma3hd.net/search/ppt/GASKET+T YPES/#.UW4bhqs1kQo http://teknoma.fi/panel/data/attachments/17 Moorflex%20Gasket0Technology%20Guide .pdf http://www.heatexchangerspares.com/servi ces/technical_support/gasket_selection.asp x

ANY QUESTION?