Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2
2
3
3
Blood Vessels: The Vascular
System
Slide
4
The Vascular System
Figure 11.8b
Slide
5
Blood Vessels: Anatomy
• Three layers (tunics)
• Tunic intima
• Endothelium
• Tunic media
• Smooth muscle
• Controlled by sympathetic nervous
system
• Tunic externa
• Mostly fibrous connective tissue
Slide
6
Differences Between Blood Vessel
Types
• Walls of arteries are the thickest
• Lumens of veins are larger
• Skeletal muscle “milks” blood in veins
toward the heart
• Walls of capillaries are only one cell
layer thick to allow for exchanges
between blood and tissue
Slide
7
Movement of Blood Through
Vessels
Figure 11.9
Slide
8
Capillary Beds
• Capillary beds
consist of two
types of vessels
• Vascular shunt –
directly connects an
arteriole to a venule
• True capillaries –
exchange vessels
• Oxygen and
nutrients cross to
cells
• Carbon dioxide
and metabolic
waste products
cross into blood
Figure 11.20
Slide
11
Vital Signs
Arterial pulse
Blood pressure
Repiratory Rate
Body Temperature
All indicate the efficiency of the
system
12
Pulse
• Pulse –
pressure wave
of blood
• Monitored at
“pressure
points” where
pulse is easily
palpated
Figure 11.16
Slide
13
Blood Pressure
• Measurements by health professionals
are made on the pressure in large
arteries
• Systolic – pressure at the peak of
ventricular contraction
• Diastolic – pressure when ventricles relax
• Pressure in blood vessels decreases as
the distance away from the heart
increases
Slide
14
Measuring Arterial Blood Pressure
Figure 11.18
Slide
15
Blood Pressure: Effects of Factors
• Neural factors
• Autonomic nervous system adjustments
(sympathetic division)
• Renal factors
• Regulation by altering blood volume
• Renin – hormonal control
Slide
16
Blood Pressure: Effects of Factors
• Temperature
• Heat has a vasodilation effect
• Cold has a vasoconstricting effect
• Chemicals
• Various substances can cause increases or
decreases
• Diet
Slide
17
Variations in Blood Pressure
• Human normal range is variable
• Normal
• 140–110 mm Hg systolic
• 80–75 mm Hg diastolic
• Hypotension
• Low systolic (below 110 mm HG)
• Often associated with illness
• Hypertension
• High systolic (above 140 mm HG)
• Can be dangerous if it is chronic
Slide
18
The lymphatic system
Includes: lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymphatic tissue, lymphatic nodules, lymph nodes,
tonsils, the spleen, and the thymus.
The major functions of the lymphatic system include
fluid balance,
fat absorption, and
defense.
Recall that as blood flows thru systemic capillaries, a small net amount of fluid is exuded
into the interstitial space.
While this fluid loss from the capillaries is necessary to maintain the presence and
composition of tissue fluid (and thus intracellular fluid as well), too much fluid loss is not a
good thing.
Luckily, we have lymphatic vessels, whose main function is to return this fluid to the
vascular system.
Additionally, they play a huge role in detecting pathogens and activating the appropriate
immune response.
19
19
20
20
Lymphatic vessels
return approximately 3L of fluid to the vascular system per day.
This ensures that blood volume is sufficient.
They also return any leaked plasma proteins back to the bloodstream.
Fluid within lymphatic vessels is known as lymph.
Lymph
is similar to plasma except it contains fewer proteins.
It contains water, nutrients, ions, gases, wastes, and hormones.
Lymphatic vessels are a 1-way system flowing toward the heart.
There are several types of lymphatic vessels including: lymphatic capillaries,
lymphatic collecting vessels, lymphatic trunks, and lymphatic ducts.
Lymphatic capillaries
are blind capillaries found almost everywhere blood capillaries are found, i.e.,
everywhere tissue fluid is formed.
Areas w/o lymphatic capillaries include bones, teeth, and CNS.
Little ISF is found w/i bones and teeth.
CNS ISF drains into the cerebrospinal fluid.
21
21
The simple squamous epithelial cells of the capillary wall overlap and are loosely
attached to another.
This makes the lymphatic capillaries quite permeable (much more so than blood
capillaries) and ensures that fluid is able to enter but not leave.
Fluid enters easily, as do proteins, WBCs, pathogens, and cancer cells.
Specialized lymphatic capillaries, known as lacteals, are present in the intestinal
mucosa where they assist in absorption of dietary fat.
22
22
Lymphatic collecting vessels
receive lymph from lymphatic capillaries.
They’re similar to veins (tunics with similar proportions) but contain more valves.
There exist both superficial and deep lymphatic collecting vessels.
They pass thru lymph nodes, where lymph is monitored and “cleaned” of pathogens
and cancer cells.
Lymphatic trunks
The union of the largest lymphatic vessels .
The jugular trunks drain the head and neck;
the subclavian trunks drain the upper limbs, superficial thoracic wall, and mammary
glands;
the bronchomediastinal trunks drain thoracic organs and the deep thoracic wall;
the intestinal trunks drain the intestines, stomach, pancreas, spleen, and liver; and
the lumbar trunks drain the lower limbs, pelvic and abdominal walls, pelvic organs,
gonads, kidneys, and adrenal glands.
Lymphatic duct
The union of lymphatic trunks
There are 2 lymphatic ducts: the right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct. 23
23
The right lymphatic duct
drains lymph from the right arm and the right side of the head and thorax.
It receives lymph from the right jugular, right subclavian, and right
bronchomediastinal trunks.
It then empties into the right internal jugular vein.
The thoracic duct
drains lymph from the rest of the body.
It receives lymph from the left jugular, left subclavian, left bronchomediastinal,
intestinal, and lumbar trunks.
It empties into the left internal jugular vein.
Note that there is a large degree of variability in the formation and emptying of
the lymphatic ducts.
24
24
25
25
Lymph
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide
26
Lymph
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide
27
Lymph Nodes
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide
28
Lymph Nodes
Figure 12.3
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide
29
Lymph Node Structure
Figure 12.4
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide
30
Other Lymphoid Organs
• Several other
organs contribute
to lymphatic
function
• Spleen
• Thymus
• Tonsils
• Peyer’s patches
Figure 12.5
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 31
12.9
The Spleen
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide
32
The Thymus
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide
33
Tonsils
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide
34
35
Peyer’s Patches
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide
36
Mucosa-Associated Lymphatic
Tissue (MALT)
• Includes:
• Peyer’s patches
• Tonsils
• Other small accumulations of lymphoid
tissue
• Acts as a guard to protect respiratory
and digestive tracts
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide
37