System of Linear Equations

and Matrices
System of Linear Equations
and Inequalities
Introduction
Frequently, a mathematical model
may involve more than one
constraint on a set of variables
Example:
limitations on the amount of resources
used in a production process
The requirements of a delivery
schedule
System of Linear Equations
If each constraint is expressed as a
linear equation the constraints form
a system of linear equations
Example:
Linear Demand Function and Linear
Supply Function market system
Linear Revenue Function and Linear
Cost Function Break Even Analysis
System and Solution
The solution to a system of linear
equations is a set of values which
simultaneously satisfy all the
equations (or conditions) of the
system
For any system of linear equation, 3
possibilities exist:
There may be no solutions
A single solution
An unlimited number of solutions
System and Solutions
Graphically
The solution of a system of two linear
equations in two variables is represented
graphically by the point of intersection of
the two lines (equations)
The no-solution case for a system of two
equations and two variables is
represented by two lines which are
parallel (they do not intersect)
For the unlimited number of solutions,
the lines are the same
Solutions graphically
Equation 1
Equation 2
A unique solution
Solutions graphically
Equation 1
Equation 2
No solution
Solutions graphically
Equation 1
Equation 2
Many solution
System and Solution
The graphical description apply to
systems of equations with 2
variables, regardless the number of
equations
For 3 variables, graphical
description of the three solution
possibilities requires the use of
planes
For more than 3 variables?
Solution possibilities
A system of linear equations having a
unique solution is a consistent system of
equation
A system of linear equations not having
a unique solution is an inconsistent
system of equation
A system of linear equations having an
unlimited number of solutions is a
dependent system of equation, as any
solution of one equation also is a
solution of the others
Exactly, Overconstrained, and
Underconstrained Systems of Eq
Exactly constrained systems of equation
are systems which have an equal
number of equations and unknowns
(variables)
Overconstrained systems of equation
are systems which have number of
equations exceeds unknowns (variables)
Underconstrained systems of equation
are systems which have number of
equations less than unknowns
(variables)
Exactly, Overconstrained, and
Underconstrained Systems of Eq
Abbreviated way for describing the
number of equations and variables in the
system: A system with three equations
and three variables is referred to as
being 3 X 3
A system with four equations and two
variables is referred to as being 4 X 2
The abbreviation condenses the
expression number of equations by
number of variables

Example: market equilibrium
P
x
X
P
e
Q
e
D
S
Partial Equilibrium Analysis
Q
Dx
=a - bP
x

Q
Sx
=-c + dP
x
Q
Dx
=Q
Sx
Q
Dx
-Q
Sx
=0
a + c = bP
x
+ dP
x
a + c = (b + d) P
x
a + c = (b + d) P
e
P
e
= (a + c)/(b + d)

Example
P
e
=(a + c) / (b + d)
P
e
=(26400+12666.66)/(200+333.3
3)
P
e
= 73.25
Q
e
= 26400 200 (73.25) = 11750
Q
e
=-12666.66 + 333.33 (73.25) =
11750
Graph
Break Even Analysis
Total Revenue = Product Price X
Quantity Sold
Total Cost = (Total) Fixed Cost +
(Total) Variable Costs
(Total) variable costs depends on
quantity produced
Profit/Loss = TR TC
Break Even TR TC = 0 or
TR = TC
Break Even Analysis
TC = TR
FC + VC.Q = P.Q
FC = P.Q VC.Q
FC = Q (P VC)
Q = FC / (P VC)
Break Even Analysis
Total Revenue = 30x
Total Cost = 250000+22.50x
Break Even: TR = TC
30x = 250000+22.50x
7.5x = 250000
x=33,333.33 units
Graph
The Elimination Method
The elimination method is one
technique used to find the solution
to exactly constrained system of
equations with any number of
equations and variables
The elimination method also
provides a means to detect systems
of equations which have no solution
or an unlimited number of solutions
The Elimination Method
The elimination method is based on
the mathematical principle that
when carrying out computation on
equations, equals may be added
to, substracted from, or multiplied
by equals
For the equation 4X 5Y=16,
multiplication of both sides by 3
leads to the equivalent result 12X
15Y = 48
The Elimination Method
The principle also permits for
formation of linear combinations of
equations
Example:
Eq 1 : 2X + Y = 12
Eq 2 : 3X 2Y = 5
A linear combination of two
equations above can be formed by
multiplying eq 1 by 2 and then
adding the product to eq 2:
The Elimination Method
Eq 1 : 2X + Y = 12 | X 2
Eq 2 : 3X 2Y = 5
then
2Eq 1 : 4X + 2Y = 24
Eq 2 : 3X 2Y = 5 +
Eq 3 : 7X = 29
The new equation, eq 3, is a linear
combination of the 2 equations
Notes
For a system of 2 eq and 2
unknown variables, mathematical
operations are conducted to
eliminate one variable and solve for
the remaining variable
For systems of equations which are
n X n (where n>2), n-1 linear
combinations of pairs of equations
are formed while eliminating the
same variable
The Elimination Method
Afterwards, backward substitution
of known values into successively
larger equations will provide a
solution for the entire system
The linear combination: 7X = 29
X=29/7
substitution of 29/7 to eq 1 leads to
the value of Y = 26/7
3 X 3 System
Solve the following system of three
equations in the three variables X, Y, Z!
Eq 1 : 2X + 3Y + Z = 6
Eq 2 : X + 4Y + 3Z = 12
Eq 3 : 3X + Y + 2Z = 10
For a 3X3 system, the elimination
method requires selecting two different
pairs of equations and eliminating the
same variables for each pairs
This process results in a 2X2 system
which is then solved as follows

3 X 3 System
Eliminate Z from the equation
3.Eq 1 : 6X + 9Y + 3Z = 18
Eq 2 : X + 4Y + 3Z = 12-
Eq 4 : 5X + 5Y = 6
Then, eq 1 and eq 3 is paired
2.Eq 1 : 4X + 6Y + 2Z = 12
Eq 3 : 3X + Y + 2Z = 10-
Eq 5 : X + 5Y = 2
3 X 3 System
From equation 4 and 5:
Eq 4 : 5X + 5Y = 6
Eq 5 : X + 5Y = 2-
Eq 5 : 4X = 4
Or X = 1
then, substitute X=1 into eq 4 or 5,
yields Y = 0.2
Finally, substitution of X=1 and Y=0.2
into equation 1 or 2 or 3 yields Z = 3.4
Applications
An aircraft manufacturer uses 3
machines (X,Y, and Z) to manufacture
three different parts, referred to as A, B,
and C. The machines are used to make
other parts, but no other machines are
required for the production of A, B, and
C
The manufacturer wants to determine
the number of hours per month to use
each machine for A, B, and C production
under the following constraints:
Applications
To produce one part A requires the
use of 3 hours of X, 4 hours of Y,
and 1 hour of Z
Each month, 380 A must be produced
If X, Y, Z are used to represent hours
of use for the respective machines
(X,Y,Z), this production constraint for
part A can be expressed as follows:
Applications
3X + 4Y + Z = 380
In this form, X, Y, and Z represent the
hours that each machine is operated
per month to make the 380 A parts
One part B requires 2 hours of use
by machine X, 4 hours of Y use,
and 2 hours use of machine Z.
Each month, 400 B must be produced.
Thus, this constraint is as follows:

Applications
2X + 4Y + 2Z = 400
Finally, each part C requires 6
hours of X, 2 hours of Y, and 2
hours of Z.
There must be 520 Cs produced each
month
This constraint is the following:
6X + 2Y + 2Z = 520

Applications
To determine how many hours per
month each machine should be
operated for the three products, the
system of equations must be solved
simultaneously. A solution is shown
below:
Applications
Eq.1: 3X + 4Y + Z = 380
Eq.2: 2X + 4Y + 2Z = 400
Eq.3: 6X + 2Y + 2Z = 520

Eq.1-Eq2 : X Z = 20 (Eq. 4)

2. Eq3 : 12X + 4Y + 4Z = 1040
Eq2 : 2X + 4Y + 2Z = 400-
Eq5 : 10X + 2Z = 640
Applications
Thus, the system of 2 equations and 2
unknowns with Y eliminated is as
follows:
Eq4 : X Z = 20
Eq5 : 10X + 2Z = 640

2Eq4 : 2X 2Z = 40
Eq5 : 10X + 2Z = 640+
Eq 6 : 12X = 600
X = 50
Inconsistent and Dependent
Equations
When the coefficients of the
variables in a system of equations
are proportional between equations,
a unique solution does not exist.
NOTE: Proportionality between the
coefficients in the two-variable case
means that the slopes of the lines
are equal
Inconsistent and Dependent
Equations
With equal slopes:
The lines may be parallel and have no
points in common (no solution)
The lines are the same and have
infinitely many points in common
(infinite solutions)
Example
Find the solution to the following
2X2 system!
Eq1 : 2X + 3Y = 7
Eq2 : 4X + 6Y = 12

First, check whether the functions
intersect!
Example
Slope of Eq1 = -2/3
Slope of Eq2 = -2/3
The lines are parallel and will never
intersect !
Example
Proportionality occurs because
each coefficient in Eq 2 is twice as
large as the corresponding
coefficient in Eq 1
Proportionality also is shown by
establishing a ratio between the X
and Y coefficients for each
equations
This ratio is Y : X = 3 : 2 = 6 : 4
Example
The existance of proportionality
between the coefficients means that
a unique solution does not exist
Often, proportionality can be
detected while carrying out the
elimination method:
2Eq1 : 4X + 6Y = 14
Eq 1 : 4X + 6Y = 12
Eq 3 : 0 = 2
Example
A contradiction has occurred, since
0 = 2
Finding a contradiction during the
elimination method is an indication
that the equation in the system are
inconsistent and that no solution
exists for the system
Overconstrained and
underconstrained System of
Equation
Although exactly constrained
system occur frequently, there are
instances where the number of
equations and the number of
variables are not equal
To solve such equations, the
Gauss-Jordan (MATRIX) method
may be used to find the solution
Looking Ahead: Linear
Programming
Linear Programming identifies the
point within a solution space which
optimizes the value of the objective
while satisfying all the constraints
LATIHAN
Persamaan Linear
MATRIX ALGEBRA
Definition of a Matrix
A matrix is a rectangular array of
numbers enclosed in parentheses
It is conventionally denoted by a capital
letter
The numbers are the entries of the
matrix
The number of rows (horizontal arrays) and
the number of columns (vertical arrays)
determine the dimension of the matrix, which
also known as the order of the matrix
Topic Outline
Basic Elements of Matrix Algebra
Elementary Matrix Arithmetic
Matrix Multiplication
Identity Matrices
Transposition of Matrices
Matrix Determinant and Inverses
Example of a matrix
Matrix
Size of a matrix
We describe a matrix size by
specifying the number of rows and
columns it has
Matrix
Elements of a matrix
We denote the element in row i and
column j of matrix A, a
i,j
Matrix
Elements of a matrix
We denote the element in row I and
column j of matrix A, a
i,j
Matrix
Elements of a matrix
We denote the element in row i and
column j of matrix A, a
i,j
Definitions
Further definitions
Square Matrix: matrix A
p,q
is said to
be square if if has the same number
of rows as columns. i.e.if p=q
Zero Matrix: matrix A
p,q
is a zero
matrix, written 0 p, q if a
i,j
= 0 for all i
and j
Diagonal Matrix: matrix A
p,q
is
diagonal if a
i,j
= 0 for all i and j
except i=j
Example
Example
Example
Matrix arithmethic
Matrix Equality
We say that matrix A
p,q
is equal to matrix B
r,s
if
A is the same size as B, i.e. p=r and q=s
The elements of A are equal to the elements of
B, i.e. a
i,j
= b
i,j
for all i and j
Matrix arithmethic
Matrix Addition
We may add matrix A to matrix B if A is the
same size as B
The sum is written A
p,q
+ B
p,q
= C
p,q
where c
i,j
=
a
i,j
+ b
i,j
for all i and j
Matrix arithmethic
Addition and Subtraction
Matrix arithmethic
Matrix Addition Laws
Consider three p q matrices, A,
B and C
Commutative Law
A+ B = B+ A
Associative Law
(A+ B) + C= A+ ( B+ C)

Matrix arithmethic
Scalar Multiplication of Matrices
A scalar is a single number
Given a scalar kand a matrix A
p,q
, the
product
k A= kA= C
where C is a pq matrix
with c
i,j
= ka
i, j

Matrix arithmethic
Matrix arithmethic
Scalar Multiplication Laws
Consider scalars, k and m and matrices A
p,q
and B
p,q
Commutative Law
kA= Ak
Associative Law
k(mA) = (km) A= (mk) A= m( kA)
Distributive Laws
(k+m) A= kA+ mA
k(A+ B) = kA+ kB
Matrix multiplication
Inner Product
Let a be a row vector and b be a column
vector of the same order. Then if both
vectors are of order n, the inner product
(sometimes also referred to as the
scalar product) is
Matrix multiplication
For example, suppose that an individual
consumes n goods. The quantity of the
i-th good consumed is x
i
and its price is
p
i
. Then p = (p
1
p
n
) is the price vector
and x = (x
1
x
n
) is the vector of
quantities consumed; and the
individual's total expenditure is
Matrix multiplication
Inner product = scalar
| |
1
3
1 2 3 2 1 1 2 2 3 3
1
3
i i
i
y
x x x y x y x y x y x y
y
=
(
(
= = + + =
(
(


xy
Matrix multiplication
outer product = matrix
| |
1 1 1 1 2 1 3
2 1 2 3 2 1 2 2 2 3
3 3 1 3 2 3 3
x x y x y x y
x y y y x y x y x y
x x y x y x y
( (
( (
= =
( (
( (

xy
Matrix multiplication
Two matrices, A
p,q
and B
r,s
have a
product only if q= r
Let the product of A
p,q
and B
q,s
be
denoted C
p,s
where

c
i,j
= a
i,1
b
1,j
+ a
i,2
b
2, j
+ + a
i,
p
b
p, j
i.e. c
i, j
is the product of row i of A
and column j of B
Matrix multiplication
In order to form the matrix product
AB the two matrices must be
conformable (ie., the number of
columns of A must equal the
number of rows of B). If A is an
mn matrix and B is an np
matrix then AB is an mp matrix
whose ijth entry is the inner product
of the ith row of A with the jth
column of B. For example,
Matrix multiplication
C = A B
(m x p) = (m x n) (n x p)
(2 x 2) = (2 x 3) (3 x 2)
C
ij
= inner product between i
th

row in A and j
th
column in B

7 1
1 2 3
8 2
4 5 6
9 3
1 7 2 8 3 9 1 1 2 2 3 3
4 7 5 8 6 9 4 1 5 2 6 3
50 14
122 32


(
(
(
= =
(
(

(

+ + + +
(
=
(
+ + + +

(
=
(

C AB
Matrix multiplication
Matrix multiplication
Matrix multiplication
Matrix multiplication
Matrix multiplication
Matrix Multiplication Laws
Consider matrices A
p,q
, B
q, r
, C
q, r
and D
r, s
Commutative Law
Matrix multiplication is not commutative
AB = BA
Associative Law
A( BD) = AB( D)
Distributive Law
A( B+ C ) = AB+ AC
( B+ C ) D= BD+ CD
Matrix Arithmethic, in general
BC
Transposition of Matrices
Consider a pq matrix A
p, q
The transpose of matrix A denoted
A is a qp matrix where the rows
of A make up the columns of A
The i,jth element of A is the j,ith
element of A
Transposition of Matrices
Transposition of Matrices
Transposition of Matrices
Transposition of Matrices
Transposition of Matrices
Matrix Transposition Laws
Consider matrices A
p,q
, B
q, p
and
scalar k
Transpose of products ( kA) = k( A )
(AB) = BA
Double Transpose ( A) = A
Transposition of Matrices
Symmetric Matrices
A matrix A
p, q
is symmetric if A= A

Identity Matrix
A matrix A
p, q
is an Identity Matrix if
and only if for any matrices B
n, p
and
C
q, r
BA = B
AC= C
In practice this means that A is a
square diagonal matrix with a
i, i
= 1
for all i
Identity Matrix
This is denoted by In where n is the
number of rows and columns. In is a
diagonal matrix with ones along the
diagonal. For example,


2 3
1 0 0
1 0
0 1 0
0 1
0 0 1

(
(
(
= =
(
(

(

I I
Identity Matrix
1 0 1 2 1 2
0 1 2 3 2 3
( ( (
=
( ( (

Production Planning
A company manufactures five
products
The company has divided its sales
force into three sales districts
The matrix S below summarizes
expected sales for each of five
products in each sales region for
the coming month
Production Planning
Region:
1 2 3
500 200 350 1
400 300 100 2
product 250 425 50 3
100 150 350 4
200 175 225 5
S
| |
|
|
|
=
|
|
|
\ .
Production Planning
Each product is manufactured by
using combinations of four standard
components
The matrix R indicates the number
of units of each component used in
producing each product
Production Planning
Component:
1 2 3 4
1 0 2 0 1
1 1 1 0 2
product 2 1 0 3 3
0 2 1 1 4
1 2 3 1 5
R
| |
|
|
|
=
|
|
|
\ .
Production Planning
The manufacture of each
component requires the
consumption of certain resources.
The matrix P indicates the
quantities of each of three standard
parts and the number or production
labor hours and assembly labor
hours used to produce one unit of
each component
Production Planning
Resource
Part Part Part Prod Assemb

1 2 3 Labor Labor
2 0 1 2 3 1
1 3 2 5 1 2
component
0 2 1 4 2 3
0 4 1 1 6 4
P
| |
|
|
=
|
|
\ .
Production Planning
The Matrix C contains the costs of the five
resources in matrix P
Part 1 costs $25, Part 2 costs $15, Part 3 costs
$30, labor hour (production) costs $10, labor
hour (assembly) costs $8
( )
$25 $15 $30 $10 $8 C =
Production Planning
Management of the company
wants to manipulate the data in
these matrices to calculate
1. The total expected demand for each final
product
2. The quantities needed of each of four
components
3. The resource requirements to produce
the four components
4. The total cost of producing the quantities
of the five products needed for the
month
Production Planning
Sales Region
Product Demand
Component demand
Resource Demand
Regional Demand
Component
requirements
Resource requirements
Production Planning
1. Find the total Demand for each
product (regardless the region):
Use matrix S
Horizontal summation of each rows
OR: use multiplying S by O, a (3X1)
column vector with all elements = 1
D = S.O

Production Planning
.
500 200 350 1050
1 400 300 100 800
1 250 425 50 725
1 100 150 350 600
200 175 225 600
D S O
S
=
| | | |
| |
| |
| |
|
| |
= =
|
| |
|
\ .
| |
| |
\ . \ .
Production Planning
2. Given that there are 4
components used in the
production processes, we need to
generate 4 data items which
represent the quantities needed
for each component. The
component requirements matrix C
r

can be found by multiplying D
T
by
the matrix R

Production Planning
( )
( )
.
1 0 2 0
1 1 1 0
1050 800 725 600 600 2 1 0 3
0 2 1 1
1 2 3 1
3900 3925 5300 3375
T
r
r
r
C D R
C
C
=
| |
|
|
|
=
|
|
|
\ .
=
Production Planning
3. In Calculating the total resource
requirements, we are seeking total
needs for the three parts used in the
production of the four components as
well as production and assembly labor
hours required. These five items can
be found by multiplying the component
requirements matrix C
r
by the matrix P,
or
R
r
= C
r
.P


Production Planning
( )
( )
.
2 0 1 2 3
1 3 2 5 1
3900 3925 5300 3375
0 2 1 4 2
0 4 1 1 6
11725 35875 20425 52500 46475
r r
r
r
R C P
R
R
=
| |
|
|
=
|
|
\ .
=
Production Planning
4. The total cost can be computed by
multiplying R
r
by the transpose of
the cost matrix C, or
T = R
r
.C
T

Production Planning
( )
25
15
11725 35875 20425 52000 46475 30
10
8
$2335800
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
\ .
=
Determinan
Matriks memiliki determinan jika
matriks tersebut adalah square
matrix (berdimensi nXn)
Jika determinant matrix = 0 non-
singular matrix
Jika = 0 singular matrix
Dilambangkan dengan tanda ||
atau det ()
Contoh: determinan dari matriks A
dinotasikan |A| atau det (A)
Determinan untuk matrix 2X2
Jika A=(
a
b

c
d
) maka |A| = ad cb
Jika A=(
2
7

4
9
) maka |A| = 2.9 4.7 =
-10
Jika B=(
10
9
5
4
) det B?


Determinan untuk matrix 3X3
Untuk mencari determinan matriks 3X3
perlu diketahui dahulu minor dan
kofaktor dari matriks 3 X 3 tersebut
Minor
A minor M
ij
is the
determinant of the 2X2
submatrix obtained when
the i-th row and the j-th
column are deleted
M
11
dari A = 2X3 5X9 =
-39
M
31
dari A = 4X5 7X2 =
6
M
13
dari A = ?
Kofaktor
Kofaktor |C
ij
| adalah suatu
minor yang digandeng
dengan tanda yang
ditetapkan:
|C
ij
|=(-1)
i+j
M
ij

C
11
dari A = (-1)
1+1
M
11

= (-1)
2
X -39 = -39
C
31
dari A = (-1)
4
X 6 = 6
C
13
dari A = ?
Kofaktor
The sign of M
ij
does not
change if i + j is an even
number and changes if it
is an odd number
C
11
,C
31
,C
13
=
M
11
,M
31
,M
13

C
23
dari A = ?
C
32
dari A = ?
Kofaktor
The sign of M
ij
does not change if i + j is
an even number and changes if it is an
odd number
To remember how to convert M
ij
to C
ij

for 3X3 case is
Determinan untuk matriks
3X3
Diperoleh dengan Laplace
expansion atau cofactor
expansion
Expanding along the 1
st

row
|A|=a
11
C
11
+a
12
C
12
+a
13
C
13

|A|=10(4-3)-1(2-0)+8(3-
0)=32

Expanding along the 1
st

column
|A|=a
11
C
11
+a
21
C
21
+a
31
C
31

|A|=10(4-3)-1(2-24)+0=32
Determinan untuk matriks >3X3
Dapat dicari dengan cofactor expansion
Beberapa sifat determinan
1. Penambahan atau
pengurangan suatu
kelipatan bukan nol dari
suatu baris atau kolom
dari baris dan kolom
lannya tidak akan
mempengaruhi
determinan
2. Penukaran tempat
antara 2 baris / kolom
sembarang dari suatu
matriks akan merubah
tanda tetapi tidak
merubah harga absolut
dari determinan
3. Pengalian elemen2 dari
suatu baris atau kolom
dengan suatu konstanta
akan menyebabkan
determinan juga
dikalikan dengan
konstanta tersebut
4. Determinan dari suatu
matriks = determinan dari
transposnya
5. Jika semua elemen dari
suatu baris atau kolom =
nol, maka determinan
adalah nol
Rank suatu matriks
Cara menentukan rank suatu
matriks adalah dengan melihat
orde-nya terlebih dahulu square
matrices only
Jika determinan tidak sama dengan
nol, maka rank = orde, disebut
matriks non-singular
Rank suatu matriks
? ) (
0 5 4
0 2 2
0 3 4
1 r(B) 0 2 | 2 | : misal
0 tidak yang matriksnya - sub determinan cari
2 ) ( 0
0 0
4 2
2 ) (
2 , 2 0 4 | |
1 4
0 4
3 3
2 2
2 2
=
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
= = =
=
= = =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
=
= = = =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
C r C
orde B r A B
A r
rank orde A A
X
X
X
Invers suatu matriks
Adalah suatu matriks yang hasil
perkaliannya dengan matriks
asalnya adalah matriks identitas
Analoginya sama dengan kebalikan
dari suatu bilangan kebalikan dari 2
karena 2 X = 1
Invers suatu matriks dinotasikan
dengan A
-1
AA
-1
=A
-1
A=I
n

Invers suatu matriks
Matriks yang mungkin memiliki
invers adalah matriks segi (square
matrix) tapi tidak setiap matriks segi
memiliki invers
Jika A
-1
tidak ada singular matrix;
jika ada, non-singular matrix
Ada kaitannya dengan determinan
Invers dari matriks 2X2
(

=
(

=
(

1 0
0 1
22 21
12 11
22 21
12 11
22 21
12 11
1
22 21
12 11
o o
o o
o o
o o
a a
a a
A
a a
a a
A
Invers dari matriks 2X2
0
1
diperoleh (2) ke substitusi
1
diperoleh (1) dari
) 2 ( 0
) 1 ( 1
0
1
21 22
11
21 12
21
11
21 12
11
21 22 11 21
21 12 11 11
21
11
22 21
12 11
= +
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
= +
= +
(

=
(

o
o
o
o
o o
o o
o
o
a
a
a
a
a
a
a a
a a
a a
a a
Invers dari matriks 2X2
12 21 11 22
22
11
12 21 11 22
21
21
21 22 11 21 12 21 21
11
persamaan, ke kan substitusi
a, selanjutny
0 diperoleh
dengan kalikan
a a a a
a
a a a a
a
a a a a a
a

=
= +
o
o
o o
Invers dari matriks 2X2
(

11 21
12 22
12 21 11 22
1
12 21 11 22
11
22
12 21 11 22
12
12
22 12
) (
1
sehingga
) (
dan
) (
diperoleh dan untuk serupa yang cara dengan
a a
a a
a a a a
A
a a a a
a
a a a a
a
o
o
o o
Invers dari matriks 2X2
(

=
(

11 21
12 22
11 21
12 22
12 21 11 22
1
12 21 11 22
11
22
12 21 11 22
12
12
22 12
| |
1
) (
1
sehingga
) (
dan
) (
diperoleh dan untuk serupa yang cara dengan
a a
a a
A a a
a a
a a a a
A
a a a a
a
a a a a
a
o
o
o o
Contoh
(

=
(

+ +
+ +
=
(

=
(

=
(

1 0
0 1
1 0 0 0
0 1
0 2 0
1 3
verifikasi
0 3 0
1 2
6
1
2 0
1 3
matriks dari invers Carilah
2
1
2
1
2
1
6
1
3
1
2
1
6
1
3
1
1
B
B
Invers untuk matriks 3X3
Untuk mencari invers matriks 3X3
perlu diketahui matriks adjoint
terlebih dahulu
Matriks adjoint adalah transpose
dari sebuah matriks yang terbentuk
dari kofaktor-kofaktor matriks
asalnya (transpose dari matriks
kofaktor)
Matriks kofaktor dan adjoint
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

=
33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
kofaktor Matriks
a a a
a a a
a a a
A
Matriks
C C C
C C C
C C C
C
(
(
(

= =
33 23 13
32 22 12
31 21 11
Adj(A)
adjoint Matriks
C C C
C C C
C C C
C
T
Invers dari matriks 3X3
(
(
(

= =
(
(
(

33 23 13
32 22 12
31 21 11
1
33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
| |
1
Adj(A)
| |
1
cara dengan diperoleh
a a a
a a a
a a a
A
Matriks Invers
C C C
C C C
C C C
A A
A
Contoh
Carilah inverse untuk matriks
Contoh
Contoh
Cramers Rule
A method for solving for n unknown
variables in a system of n equations
which is an alternative to the inverse
matrix method
Ax=b
A is a square matrix of order n that has
an inverse A
-1
, x is an array of order nX1
of n unknowns, and b is an array of order
nX1 of known elements
Cramers Rule
To solve x,
x=A
-1
b
Or

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

n n
b
b
A
x
x

1 1
Adj(A).
| |
1
Cramers Rule
1
11 21 1 1
12 22 2 2
1 2
Perhatikan Adj(A).
n
n
n
n n nn n
b
b
C C C b
C C C b
C C C b
(
(
(
(

( (
( (
( (
=
( (
( (

Cramers Rule
1 11 1 21 2 1
1
( ... )
| |
n n
x C b C b C b
A
= + + +
However, the expression in parentheses
is nothing but the evaluation of the
determinant of a matrix derived from A
by replacing its first column by the
column vector b (matrix A
k
). More
precisely,
Cramers Rule
1 11 2 21 1
1 12 1
2 22 2
2
( ... )
n n
n
n
n n nn
bC b C b C
b a a
b a a
b a a
+ + +
=
Cramers Rule
Similarly, for x
2
, the solution is obtained
by evaluating the determinant of the
matrix A where its second column has
been replaced by b
1 12 2 22 2
11 1 1
21 2 2
2
( ... )
n n
n
n
n n nn
bC b C b C
a b a
a b a
a b a
+ + +
=
Cramers Rule
j
j
A
x
A
=
Solving the system of linear equations,
using Cramers rule
Solving the system of linear
equations, using Cramers rule
Using Matrices
Using Matrices
Using Matrices
Using Matrices
Using Matrices
Find det(A) by choosing easiest
column or row of A (i.e. column 3)
and multiplying each element by
corresponding element C
ij
: det(A)
= 0-9 + 33 + 03 = 9.


Using Matrices
Cramers Rule