Objectives Course No.

204
Machinery and Machine Guarding Standards Course
Identify basic machinery terms Identify common machines found within a broad spectrum of industries Identify hazards that occur in or on machinery Select the appropriate OSHA STANDARD that applies to a hazard Present options to achieve abatement
1

Dangerous moving parts in these three basic areas need safeguarding: The point of operation: that point where work is
performed on the material, such as cutting, shaping, boring, or forming of stock. Power transmission apparatus: all components of the mechanical system which transmit energy to the part of the machine performing the work. These components include flywheels, pulleys, belts, connecting rods, couplings, cams, spindles, chains, cranks, and gears. Other moving parts: all parts of the machine which move while the machine is working. These can include reciprocating, rotating, and transverse moving parts, as well as feed mechanisms and auxiliary parts of the machine.
2

Hazardous Rotating Motion

Burr

Rotating shaft

Rotating pulley Rotating coupling

Rotating (including in-running nip points)

Hazardous Reciprocating Motion

Hazardous Transverse Motion

What must a safeguard do to protect workers against mechanical hazards?

 Prevent contact:
The safeguard must prevent hands, arms, or any part of a worker's body or clothing from making contact with dangerous moving parts. A good safeguarding system eliminates the possibility of the operator or other workers placing parts of their bodies near hazardous moving parts.

Secure:
Workers should not be able to easily remove or tamper with the safeguard, because a safeguard that can easily be made ineffective is no safeguard at all. Guards and safety devices should be made of durable material that will withstand the conditions of normal use. They must be firmly secured to the machine.

Protect from falling objects:

The safeguard should ensure that no objects can fall into moving parts. A small tool which is dropped into a cycling machine could easily become a projectile that could strike and injure someone.
8

 Create no new hazards:

A safeguard defeats its own purpose if it creates a hazard of its own such as a shear point, a jagged edge, or an unfinished surface which can cause a laceration. The edges of guards, for instance, should be rolled or bolted in such a way that they eliminate sharp edges.

Create no interference:
Any safeguard which impedes a worker from performing the job quickly and comfortably might soon be overridden or disregarded. Proper safeguarding can actually enhance efficiency since it can relieve the worker's apprehensions about injury.

Allow safe lubrication:

If possible, one should be able to lubricate the machine without removing the safeguards. Locating oil reservoirs outside the guard, with a line leading to the lubrication point, will reduce the need for the operator or maintenance worker to enter the hazardous area.

Machine Safeguarding Classifications

10

Machine Safeguarding Classifications

Guards Fixed Interlocked Adjustable Self-adjusting Devices Presence Sensing Photoelectric (optical) Radiofrequency (capacitance) Electromechanic al Pullback Restraint Safety Controls Safety trip control Pressuresensitive body bar Safety tripod Safety tripwire cable Two-hand control Two-hand trip Gates Interlocked Other
11

Machine Safeguarding Classifications

Location/Distance Miscellaneous Aids Potential Feeding and Awareness Ejection Methods barriers Automatic feed Miscellaneous protective shields Semi-automatic feed Hand-feeding tools and holding Automatic ejection fixtures Semi-automatic ejection Robot

12

Fixed Guards - Provides a barrier

Advantages
Can be constructed to suit many specific applications In-plant construction is often possible Can provide maximum protection Usually requires minimum maintenance Can be suitable to high production, repetitive operations

Limitations
May interfere with visibility Can be limited to specific operations Machine adjustment and repair often require its removal, thereby necessitating other means of protection for maintenance personnel
13

Fixed point of operation guard

14

Interlocked
Safeguarding Action
Shuts off or disengages power and prevents starting of machine when guard is open; should require the machine to be stopped before the worker can reach into the danger area

Advantages
Can provide maximum protection Allows access to machine for removing jams without timeconsuming removal of fixed guards

Limitations
Requires careful adjustment and maintenance May be easy to disengage
15

Adjustable
Safeguarding Action
Provides a barrier which may be adjusted to facilitate a variety of production operations

Advantages
Can be constructed to suit many specific applications Can be adjusted to admit varying sizes of stock

Limitations
Hand may enter danger area protection may not be complete at all times May require frequent maintenance and/or adjustment The guard may be made ineffective by the operator May interfere with visibility
16

Self-Adjusting
Safeguarding Action
Provides a barrier which moves according to the size of the stock entering danger area

Advantages
Off-the-shelf guards are often commercially available

Limitations
Does not always provide maximum protection May interfere with visibility May require frequent maintenance and adjustment

17

Safety Devices
Stop the machine if a hand or any part of the body is inadvertently placed in the danger area; Restrain or withdraw the operator's hands from the danger area during operation; Require the operator to use both hands on machine controls, thus keeping both hands and body out of danger; or Provide a barrier which is synchronized with the operating cycle of the machine in order to prevent entry to the danger area during the hazardous part of the cycle.

18

Photoelectric
Safeguarding Action
Machine will not start cycling when the light field is interrupted When the light field is broken by any part of the operator's body during the cycling process, immediate machine braking is activated

Advantages
Can allow freer movement for operator; simplicity of use; no adjustments required

Limitations
Does not protect against mechanical failure May require frequent alignment and calibration Excessive vibration may cause lamp filament damage and premature burnout Limited to machines that can be stopped
19

Pullbacks
Safeguarding Action
As the machine begins to cycle, the operator's hands are pulled out of the danger area

Advantages
Eliminates the need for auxiliary barriers or other interference at the danger area

Limitations
Limits movement of operator May obstruct work-space around operator Adjustments must be made for specific operations and for each individual Requires frequent inspections and regular maintenance Requires close supervision of the operator's use of the equipment
20

Restraint (holdback)
Safeguarding Action
Prevents the operator from reaching into the danger area

Advantages
Little risk of mechanical failure

Limitations
Limits movements of operator May obstruct work-space Adjustments must be made for specific operations and each individual Requires close supervision of the operator's use of the equipment
21

Safety-trip controls
Safeguarding Action
Stops machine tripped

Advantages
Simplicity of controls

Limitations
Other guards are also required for operator protection--usually fixed barrier guards Requires frequent maintenance May not be adaptable to stock variation

22

Safety Trip Controls (contd)

When pressed by hand, the safety tripod deactivates the machine. Because it has to be actuated by the operator during an emergency situation, its proper position is also critical.

23

Safety tripwire cables

Are located around the perimeter of or near the danger area. The operator must be able to reach the cable with either hand to stop the machine.

Calender equipped with this type of control.

24

Two-Hand Controls
Safeguarding Action
Concurrent use of both hands is required, preventing the operator form entering the danger area

Advantages
Operators hands are at a predetermined location Operators hands are free to pick up a new part after first half of cycle is completed

Limitations
Requires a partial cycle machine with a brake Some two-hand controls can be rendered unsafe by holding with arm or blocking, thereby permitting one-hand operation Protects only the operator
25

Not two hand controls

26

Two-Hand Trip
Requires concurrent application of both of the operator's control buttons to activate the machine cycle, after which the hands are free. Trips must be placed far enough from the point of operation to make it impossible for the operator to move his or her hands from the trip buttons or handles into the point of operation before the first half of the cycle is completed.

27

Gate
Movable barrier which protects the operator at the point of operation before the machine cycle can be started.

28

Robots

Press

Robot

Stock Conveyor

Fixed Barrier

29

Miscellaneous

Awareness Barrier

30

Shields

31

Part 1910 Subpart O - Machinery and Machine Guarding

1910.211 - Definitions. 1910.212 - General requirements for all machines. 1910.213 - Woodworking machinery requirements. 1910.214 - Cooperage machinery. [Reserved] 1910.215 - Abrasive wheel machinery.

1910.216 - Mills and calenders in the rubber and plastics industries.

1910.217 - Mechanical power presses.

1910.218 - Forging machines.

1910.219 - Mechanical power-transmission apparatus.
32

Horizontal v. Vertical
Section 1910.212 is a general (or (horizontal) standard that applies to all machines not specifically mentioned elsewhere in other sections of Subpart O. Other sections are specific (vertical) standards that apply to particular types of machines; e.g., Section 1910.213 applies to woodworking machinery

33

Machine guarding. 1910.212(a)(1)

One or more methods of machine guarding shall be provided to protect the operator and other employees in the machine area from hazards such as those created by point of operation, ingoing nip points, rotating parts, flying chips and sparks

34

1910.212(a)(2)
Guards shall be affixed to the machine where possible and secured elsewhere if for any reason attachment to the machine is not possible.

The guard shall be such that it does not offer an accident hazard in itself.
35

1910.212(a)(3)(ii) The point of operation of machines whose operation exposes an employee to injury, shall be guarded.

36

1910.212(a)(4)Revolving Drums,barrels, and containers

Must be guarded by an enclosure which is interlocked with the drive mechanism

37

1910.212(a)(5) Fan Blades

When the periphery of the blades of a fan is less than 7 feet above the floor or working level, the blades must be guarded with a guard having openings no larger than inch.

38

1910.212(a)(6)Anchoring Fixed Machinery

Machines designed for a fixed location must be securely anchored to prevent walking or moving

39

?
What machines are covered by 1910.212
40

Presenting 1910.212

41

42

43

 OSHA Standards: 1910.212(a)(1) Machine guarding 1910.212(a)(3)(ii) Point of operation Hazards: Contact with pinch points Struck by hot metals Caught in two die halves Reference Standard: Guarding Method: Barrier guard

Gates Video Clip Not in Handout

44

Gates

45

Unguarded Dough Mixer

46

 OSHA Standards: 1910.212(a)(1) Rotating Parts 1910.212(a)(3)(ii) Point of operation Hazards: Contact with rotating parts Reference Standard: ANSI/AHAM FM-1 (food mixers) Guarding Method: Interlocks What happened? Employee by-passed interlock Result - Death

Ingredient Mixer

47

Injection Molding Machine

Not Guarded

Guarded

OSHA Standards: 1910.212(a)(1) Rotating Parts 1910.212(a)(3)(ii) Point of operation

Reference Standard: ANSIB151.1 Guarding Method: Interlocked barrier gate

48

Injection Molding Machine (Plastic molding)

1 - Electrical Interlock 2 - Hydraulic Interlock

49

175 Ton Injection Molding Machine Mechanical Blocking Mechanism

Interlocked Safety Gate

Die Halves

Stationary Platen
50

Injection Molding Machine

3 - Mechanical Blocking Mechanism Prevents the dies from closing

51

 OSHA Standards: 1910.212(a)(1) Machine guarding 1910.212(a)(3)(ii) Point of operation Hazards: Contact with pinch points Struck by hot metals Caught in two die halves Reference Standard: Society of Die Cast Engineers Die Cast Machine Safety) Guarding Method: Barrier guard

Die Casting Machines Video Clip

52

Die Casting operation

53

Die Casting operation

54

 OSHA Standards: 1910.212(a)(1) Nipping points 1910.212(a)(3)(ii) Point of operation Hazard(s): Stuck-by molten aluminum Contact with moving machine parts Reference Standard: Society of Die Cast Engineers Die Cast Machine Safety Guarding Method: Barrier Guard

Die Casting operation

Die Spit Shield

55

 OSHA Standards: 1910.212(a)(1) Pinch Point Struck by 1910.212(a)(3)(ii) Point of operation Hazard(s): Caught in the clamp die Contact with moving machine parts Reference Standard: ANSI B11.15 Pipe Tube and Shape Bending Guarding Method: Barrier guard Foot pedal operation Presence sensing device

Tubing Bender

56

Swing arm in motion

57

Addison Tube Bender

Safety mat and foot pedal control

58

Mechanical Power Press Brake

OSHA Standards: 1910.212(a)(3)(ii) Point of operation Hazards: Caught in the point of operation

Reference Standard: ANSIB11.3 Power Press Brakes Guarding Method: Presence Sensing Devices Two hand controls Automatic barrier gates Restraint device
59

Point of operation hazard CPL 2-1.25 Guidelines for point of operation guarding for power press brakes

4 inches

60

Press brake foot treadle operated with a restraint device

61

Photo electric sensing across face and barrier across the ends of the press brake

Press brake

62

The back of the press brake

Awareness guard

63

Horizontal Metal Cutting Band Saw

OSHA Standards: 1910.212(a)(1) Machine Guarding Hazards: Contact with the unused portion of the saw blade

Reference Standard: ANSIB11.10 Sawing Guarding Method: Telescoping barrier guard

64

Metal Cutting Radial Saw

OSHA Standards: 1910.212(a)(3)(ii) Point of operation guarding Hazards: Contact with the saw blade

Reference Standard: ANSIB11.10 Sawing Guarding Method: Side barrier guard

65

 OSHA Standards: 1910.212(a)(1) Nipping point Hazards: Contact with rotating parts Reference Standard: ANSI B20.1 Conveyors Guarding Method: Barrier guard Isolation Control relocation

Meat auger

66

Screw Conveyor

Guard does not meet requirement of Table O-10

67

Forming Mill Table

May use safety trip wire???

OSHA Standards: 1910.212(a)(3)(ii) Point of operation guarding Hazards: Contact between the forming rolls and the material Reference Standard: ANSIB11.12 Roll forming and Roll Bending Guarding Method: Barrier guard (interlocked) Presence sensing device
68

Forming Mill

In-running nip point

Point of Operation
69

Forming Mill

Shows the process of metal forming Metal is being pulled through dies and formed as it progresses.
70

Back of a shear Material Take-off Conveyor

OSHA Standards: 1910.212(a)(1) Machine guarding Hazards: Contact between the belt and the pulley nip (drum)

Reference Standard: ANSIB 20.1 Conveyors Guarding Method: Barrier guard Isolation

71

Conveyor Nip

Nip Point

72

Scissor lift table

OSHA Standards: 1910.212(a)(1) Machine guarding Hazards: Contact between the scissors arms

Reference Standard: ?? Guarding Method: Telescoping barrier guard Isolation

73

Pyramid or pinch roll forming

OSHA Standards: 1910.212(a)(3)(ii) Point of operation guarding Hazards: Contact in the point of operation

Reference Standard: ANSI B11.12 Roll forming and bending Guarding Method: Isolation Limited barrier guards

74

Pyramid or pinch roll forming

Point of operation

Point of operation

75

Roll former isolation guarding

76

REEL
Paper mill Pope

OSHA Standards: 1910.212(a)(3)(ii) Point of operation guarding Hazards: Contact in the point of operation

Reference Standard: ANSI B11.12 Roll forming and bending Guarding Method: Isolation Limited barrier guards

77

REEL Threading the machine

Paper mill Pope

In running nip point

78

REEL Threading the machine

Paper mill Pope

79

REEL
Paper mill Pope

80

REEL
Paper mill Pope

81

Primary arm guard

82

Lathe
OSHA Standards: 1910.212(a)(1) Rotating parts Hazards: Contact with rotating parts Reference Standard: ANSI B11.6 Lathes Guarding Method: Barrier guard

83

Lathe

84

Lathe Chip shield

85

Tapper

OSHA Standards: 1910.212(a)(1) Machine guarding 1910.212(a)(3)(ii) Point of operation guarding Hazards: Contact with rotating parts, chips and coolant Contact in the point of operation

Reference Standard: ANSI B11.8 Tapper Guarding Method: Barrier guards and/or isolation

86

Vertical boring mills

OSHA Standards: 1910.212(a)(1) Machine guarding Hazards: Contact with rotating parts

Reference Standard: ANSI B11. 8 Milling, drilling and boring machines Guarding Method: Barrier guards

87

Vertical boring mills

88

Vertical boring mill chip, and rotating part guard

89

Horizontal boring mill

90

Mechanical Shear

Hold down
OSHA Standards: 1910.212(a)(1) Machine guarding 1910.212(a)(3)(ii) Point of operation guarding Hazards: Contact with shear blade Contact with hold down Reference Standard: ANSI B11. 4 Shears Guarding Method: Barrier guard

91

Shear in operation Helper is exposed

92

Hydraulic Shear

Modified guard

Blade

93

 OSHA Standards: 1910.212(a)(1) Machine guarding 1910.212(a)(3)(ii) Point of operation Hazards: Contact with mold halves Contact with shuttle Guarding Method: Barrier guards Presence devices

Core Making Machines Video Clip

94

Core making machine

95

 OSHA Standards: 1910.212(a)(1) Machine guarding 1910.212(a)(3)(ii) Point of operation Hazards: Contact with angle shear or notcher Contact with the punch and die Guarding Method: Barrier guards

Iron Worker

96

Woodworking Machinery Requirements 1910.213

97

 10.213(a)(9) All belts, pulleys, gears, shafts, and moving parts must be guarded in accordance with the specific requirements of 1910.219.
Belts

98

1910.213(c) Rip Saws

Circular table saws must have a hood over the portion of the saw above the table, so mounted that the hood will automatically adjust itself to the thickness of and remain in contact with the material being cut.

Must have a spreader aligned with the blade, spaced no more than one-half inch behind the largest blade mounted in the saw.
If used for ripping must have nonkickback fingers or dogs.

99

1910.213(d) Hand fed Crosscut saw shall meet requirements of (c)(1)

100

10.213(g) Swing cutoff saws.

Hood that will completely enclose the upper half of the saw, the arbor end, and the point of operation at all positions of the saw. Constructed in such a manner and of such material that it will protect the operator from flying splinters and broken saw teeth. Automatically cover the lower portion of the blade, so that when the saw is returned to the back of the table the hood will rise on top of the fence, and when the saw is moved forward the hood will drop on top of and remain in contact with the table or material being cut.

101

102

103

1910.213 (h) Radial saws.

Upper hood that completely enclose the
upper portion of the blade down to a point that will include the end of the saw arbor.

Sides of the lower exposed portion of the blade guarded to the full
diameter of the blade

Radial saw used for ripping shall

be provided with nonkickback fingers or dogs

Adjustable stop to prevent the forward

travel of the blade beyond the position necessary to complete the cut in repetitive operations.

Installation such that the front end of the unit will be slightly higher than
the rear, so as to cause the cutting head to return gently to the starting position when released by the operator.
104

Radial Arm Saws

105

106

1910.213 (i) Bandsaws and band resaws.

All portions of the saw blade shall be enclosed or guarded, except for the working portion of the blade between the bottom of the guide rolls and the table. Wheels fully encased. Outside periphery of the enclosure shall be solid. Front and back enclosed by solid material or by wire mesh or perforated metal. Guard for the portion of the blade between the sliding guide and the upper-saw-wheel guard shall protect the saw blade at the front and outer side. Self-adjusting to raise and lower with the guide.
107

Band Saw

108

Band Saw

109

110

10.213(j)(3) Hand-fed jointer

Automatic guard which will cover all the section of the head on the working side of the fence or gage. Effectively keep the operator's hand from coming in contact with the revolving knives. Automatically adjust itself to cover the unused portion of the head and shall remain in contact with the material at all times.

111

1910.213(m)(1) Wood shapers and similar equipment.

Cutting heads of each wood shaper, hand-fed panel raiser, or other similar machine not automatically fed, shall be enclosed with a cage or adjustable guard so designed as to keep the operator's hands away from the cutting edge.

112

10.213(o)(2) Cutting heads on wood- turning lathes

Covered as completely as possible by hoods or shields.

113

1910.213(p)(1) Sanding machines.

Feed rolls of self-feed sanding machines must be protected with a semicylindrical guard to prevent the hands of the operator from coming in contact with the inrunning rolls at any point. Guard must be constructed of heavy material, preferably metal, and firmly secured to the frame carrying the rolls so as to remain in adjustment for any thickness of stock. The bottom of the guard should come down to within three-eighths inch of a plane formed by the bottom or contact face of the feed roll where it touches the stock.

114

Circular Sander

115

Unguarded belt sander

116

117

Saw blade

1910.213(s)(7)&(8)

Table Saw

119

Swing Cut off Saw

120

Table Saw

121

Table Saw

122

Belt Sander

123

Table Saw

124

Table Saw

125

Power Molding Machine

126

Table Saw

127

Table Saw

128

Dado blade on radial saw

129

Power fed rip saw

130

Radial arm saw

131

Radial arm saw

132

1910.215 Abrasive wheel machinery

133

134

135

136

137

138

139

140

1910.215(a)(2) Guard Design

The safety guard shall cover the spindle end, nut, and flange projections.

141

safety guard

142

1910.215(a)(4) Work rests.

On offhand grinding machines, work rests shall be used to support the work. They shall be of rigid construction and designed to be adjustable to compensate for wheel wear. Work rests shall be kept adjusted closely to the wheel with a maximum opening of one-eighth inch to prevent the work from being jammed between the wheel and the rest, which may cause wheel breakage. The work rest shall be securely clamped after each adjustment. The adjustment shall not be made with the wheel in motion.

Work rest 1/8

143

1910.215(b)(9) Tongue Guard

Exposure adjustment
one-fourth inch.
144

1910.215(d) Mounting - Wheel Speed

(1) Inspection. The spindle speed of the machine shall be checked before mounting of the wheel to be certain that it does not exceed the maximum operating speed marked on the wheel
145

1910.215(d) Mounting - Ring Test

(1) Inspection.
Wheels should be tapped gently with a light nonmetallic implement, such as the handle of a screwdriver for light wheels, or a wooden mallet for heavier wheels. If they sound cracked (dead), they shall not be used. This is known as the "Ring Test".

Ring test
146

FLOOR STAND GRINDERS ANSI B.7.1-1988 E 4.3.2

Self Closing Guard

Effective two years after approval of this revision for existing machines, all floor stand grinders for use with a 24 diameter wheels or larger where personnel are required to be in the plane of rotation of the wheel shall be equipped with guards which close automatically in case of wheel breakage. Other guard designs which provide equivalent protection to the personnel in the plane of rotation of the wheel may be used.

147

148

Guard down

149

150

Surface grinder with top guard

151

29CFR 1910.219 Mechanical Power-Transmission Apparatus

152

1910.219(a)General requirements
(1) This section covers all types and shapes of power-transmission belts, except the following when operating at two hundred and fifty (250) feet per minute or less: (i) Flat belts one (1) inch or less in width, (ii) Flat belts two (2) inches or less in width which are free from metal lacings or fasteners, (iii) Round belts one-half (1/2) inch or less in diameter; and (iv) Single strand V-belts, the width of which is thirteen thirtyseconds (13/32) inch or less.
153

1910.219(a)General requirements
(2) Vertical and inclined belts (paragraphs (e) (3) and (4) of this section) if not more than two and one-half (2 1/2) inches wide and running at a speed of less than one thousand (1,000) feet per minute, and if free from metal lacings or fastenings may be guarded with a nip-point belt and pulley guard.
154

Belt speed exceeds one thousand (1,000) feet per minute 155

1910.219(b) Flywheels
(1) Flywheels located so that any part is seven (7) feet or less above floor or platform shall be guarded in accordance with the requirements of this subparagraph:
(7) feet or less above floor or platform shall be guarded
156

LETTER OF INTERPRETATION
This is in further response to your letter dated April 5, 1983, concerning the guarding of flywheels on power presses. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration's General Industry Standards 29 CFR 1910.219(b)(1) and (b)(1)(vi) require guarding of the press flywheel. Furthermore, the latter provision requires that flywheels above working areas be provided with guards of sufficient strength to contain the flywheel in the event of shaft or wheel mounting failure.

Reference to ANSI 815.1-1972, the current version of the source standard, rapidly demonstrates that structural failures are possible. Appendix AB.1 of ANSI 815.1 indicates that failures of a fatigue nature can be anticipated, particularly for older machines that have been continually exposed to cyclic leads.
Therefore, substantial guarding is necessary to provide safety. That company die setter's need to have easy access to the flywheel for diesetting for is completely valid and should be a major consideration of the guarding provided. In that regard, the guard configuration enclosed is recommended for consideration.
157

1910.219(c) Shafting
Burr

Rotating shaft

Rotating pulley

Rotating coupling
158

1910.219(c)(2) Guarding horizontal shafting.

(i) All exposed parts of horizontal shafting seven (7) feet or less from floor or working platform, excepting runways used exclusively for oiling, or running adjustments, shall be protected by a stationary casing enclosing shafting completely or by a trough enclosing sides and top or sides and bottom of shafting as location requires.

Shafting must be guarded

159

160

1910.219(c)(4) Projecting shaft ends

(i) Projecting shaft ends shall present a smooth edge and end and shall not project more than one-half the diameter of the shaft unless guarded by nonrotating caps or safety sleeves. (ii) Unused keyways shall be filled up or covered.

Shafting shall not extend more than 1/2 the diameter of the shaft unless guarded
161

1910.219(d) Pulley Guarding

(1) Pulleys, any parts of which are seven (7) feet or less from the floor or working platform, shall be guarded in accordance with the standards specified in paragraphs (m) and (o) of this section.

162

163

1910.219(f) Gears, sprockets, and chains

164

1910.219(f) Gears
(1) Gears shall be guarded in accordance with one of the following methods: (i) By a complete enclosure; or (ii) By a standard guard as described in paragraph (o) of this section, at least seven (7) feet high extending six (6) inches above the mesh point of the gears; or (iii) By a band guard covering the face of gear and having flanges extended inward beyond the rootof the teeth on the exposed side or sides. Where any portion of the train of gears guarded by a band guard is less than six (6) feet from the floor a disk guard or a complete enclosure to the height of six (6) feet shall be required.
165

1910.219 (f)(3) Sprockets and chains.

All sprocket wheels and chains shall be enclosed unless they are more than seven (7) feet above the floor or platform. Where the drive extends over other machine or working areas, protection against falling shall be provided..

166

1910.219 (i) Collars and couplings

(1) Collars. All revolving collars, including split collars, shall be cylindrical, and screws or bolts used in collars shall not project beyond the largest periphery of the collar. (2) Couplings Shaft couplings shall be so constructed as to present no hazard from bolts, nuts, setscrews, or revolving surfaces. Bolts, nuts, and setscrews will, however, be permitted where they are covered with safety sleeves or where they are used parallel with the shafting and are countersunk or else do not extend beyond the flange of the coupling.

167

1910.219(m) Standard guards general requirements

(1) Materials.
(i) Standard conditions shall be guarded by the use of the following materials. Expanded metal, perforated or solid sheet metal, wire mesh on a frame of angle iron, or iron pipe securely fastened to floor or to frame of machine. (ii) All metal should be free from burrs and sharp edges.

168

1910.219(o) Approved materials

(1) Minimum requirements.
The materials and dimensions specified in this paragraph shall apply to all guards, except horizontal overhead belts, rope, cable, or chain guards more than seven (7) feet above floor, or platform.

169

1910.219(o)(2) Wood guards

(i) Wood guards may be used in the woodworking and chemical industries, in industries where the presence of fumes or where manufacturing conditions would cause the rapid deterioration of metal guards; also in construction work and in locations outdoors where extreme cold or extreme heat make metal guards and railings undesirable. In all other industries, wood guards shall not be used.

170

29 CFR 1910.261 Paper, Pulp & Paperboard Mills

Application of 29 CFR 1910.212

171

Hydro Pulper

172

Fourdrinier

173

Screen Roll

174

Screen Cleaning

175

Threading the Presses (Tailing)

176

Cooch Carrier Roll Nip Point

177

Cooch Carrier Roll Nip Point

178

Cooch Carrier Roll Nip Point

179

Cooch Carrier Roll Nip Point

180

First Press Nip Point

181

Press Section / First Dryer

182

Cylinder Machine Nip Point

183

Crumb / Scab Scraper

184

Cleaning the Press Roll

185

Dryers (Front Side)

186

Dryer (Back Side)

187

188

Isolation Guarding

189

Line Shaft

190

Incline Belts and Pulleys

191

Elevator Nip Point

192

Tailing (Threading) the Dryer

193

Dryer Nip Point

194

Reel Nip Point

195

Rewinder Nip Point

196

Guarded Rewinder

197

Rotary Cutters

198

Embosser Nip Point

199

Nip Point Guarding

200