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energy_releasing.swf
The main energy-releasing pathways all
start in the cytoplasm with glycolysis, a
pathway in which enzymes cleave and
rearrange each glucose molecule into two
pyruvate molecules. Once this stage is over,
the energy-releasing pathways differ.
When a glucose molecule is the starting
material, aerobic respiration can be
summarized this way:
aerobic_stages.swf
Each glucose molecule has six carbon atoms,
twelve hydrogen atoms, and six oxygen atoms
covalently bonded to one another.
glycolysis_two_stages.swf
Glycolysis begins when ATP molecules each
transfer a phosphate group to glucose and so
donate energy to it.
glycolysis.swf
Suppose two pyruvate molecules, formed
by glycolysis, leave the cytoplasm and
enter a mitochondrion.
mitochondrion.swf
The second stage occurs in the inner
compartment of the mitochondrion.
krebs_cycle_reactions.swf
In total, the second-stage reactions produce
two ATP, eight NADH, and two FADH2 for each
molecule of glucose. The coenzymes go to the
electron transport system for the final stage of
the aerobic pathway.
krebs_telecourse.mov
ATP production goes into high gear in the
third stage of the aerobic pathway, electron
transport phosphorylation.
mito_chemiosmosis.swf
Thirty-two ATP typically form during the
third stage of aerobic respiration.
energy_harvest.swf
The human body has many alternative sources
of energy.
Complex carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
cannot enter the aerobic pathway directly.
The digestive system and individual cells must
first break apart these molecules into simpler
degradable subunits.
The Figure shows the reaction sites where a
variety of organic compounds can enter the
stage of aerobic respiration.
alt_energy_sources.swf
In common usage, the term fermentation is
used to describe the process by which alcoholic
beverages such as beer and wine are produced.
fermentation.swf
Summary of Cellular
Respiration
CellRespiration.svg
The End