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Common Ion Effect The shift in equilibrium that occurs because of the addition of an ion already involved in the equilibrium reaction. This effect makes a solution of NaF and HF less acidic than a solution of HF alone. AgCl(s) Ag+(aq) + Cl(aq)
A Buffered Solution
. . . resists a change in its pH when either H+ or OH are added. 1.0 L of 0.50 M H3CCOOH + 0.50 M H3CCOONa pH = 4.74 Adding 0.010 mol solid NaOH raises the pH of the solution to 4.76, a very minor change. Blood can absorb the acids and bases produced in biological reactions without changing its pH. The buffering system in the blood involves HCO3- and H2CO3.
Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation
Useful for calculating pH when the [A]/[HA] ratios are known. HA H+ + A [ H ][ A ] [ HA] Ka [ H ] Ka [ HA] [A ] [ HA] log[ H ] log Ka log [A ]
pH pKa log( A / HA )
Buffering Capacity
. . . represents the amount of H+ or OH the buffer can absorb without a significant change in pH. A buffer with a large capacity contains large concentrations of buffering components and can absorb a relatively large amount of protons or hydroxide ions without much pH change.
Equivalence (stoichiometric) point: Enough titrant has been added to react exactly with the solution being analyzed.
Figure 15.1 The pH Curve for the Titration of 50.0 mL of 0.200 M HNO3 with 0.100 M NaOH
Figure 15.2 The pH Curve for the Titration of 100.0 mL of 0.50 M NaOH with 1.0 M HCI
Figure 15.3 The pH Curve for the Titration of 50.0 mL of 0.100 M HC2H3O2 with 0.100 M NaOH
Figure 15.4 The pH Curves for the Titrations of 50.0-mL Samples of 0.10 M Acids with Various Ka Values with 0.10 M NaOH
Acid-Base Indicator
. . . marks the end point of a titration by changing color. The equivalence point (defined by the stoichiometry) is not necessarily the same as the end point (where the indicator changes color).
Indicators exhibit one color when the proton is attached to the molecule and a different color when the proton is absent. Phenolphthalein is colorless in its HIn (acidic) form and pink in its In- (basic) form. pH = pKa 1
Figure 15.5 The pH Curve for the Titration of 100.0 mL of 0.050 M NH3 with 0.10 M HCI
Figure 15.6 The Acid and Base Forms of the Indicator Phenolphthalein
Figure 15.9 The pH Curve for the Titration of 100.0 mL of 0.10 M HCI with 0.10 M NaOH
Figure 15.10 The pH Curve for the Titration of 50 mL of 0.1 M HC2H3O2 with 0.1 M NaOH
Solubility Product
For solids dissolving to form aqueous solutions.
Bi2S3(s) 2Bi3+(aq) + 3S2(aq) Ksp = solubility product constant and Ksp = [Bi3+]2[S2]3
Solubility Product
continued..
Note: Ksp is constant (at a given temperature) s is variable (especially with a common ion present)
Qualitative Analysis
Qualitative analysis of a mixture containing all the common cations involves first separating them into five major groups based on solubilities. Each group is then treated further to separate and identify the individual ions.