MACHINE GUARDING

CORPORATE SAFETY TRAINING

29 CFR 1910.211-222

WELCOME

COURSE OBJECTIVES
(Continued)

Accident Prevention. Introduce Machine Guarding and Establish Its Role in Todays Industry. Introduce Basic Concepts and Techniques of Machine Safeguarding.

Provide Machine Safeguarding Skills for Maintenance Workers and Floor Supervisors.

APPLICABLE REGULATIONS
29CFR - Safety and Health Standards 1910 - Industrial Safety 212 - General Requirements for All Machines 213 - Woodworking Machinery 214 - Cooperage Machinery 215 - Abrasive Wheel Machinery 216 - Mills and Calenders in the Rubber Industry 217 - Mechanical Power Presses 218 - Forging Machines 219 - Mechanical Power Transmission Apparatus

INDUSTRY CONSENSUS STANDARDS

ANSI - B11.2 Hydraulic presses B11.3 Power Press Brakes B11.10 Metal Sawing Machines B11.11 Gear Cutting Machines B11.12 Roll-Forming and Bending Machines B11.14 Coil Slitting Machines B11.15 Pipe, Tube, and Shape Bending B11.16 Metal Powder Compacting Presses B11.17 Horizontal Hydraulic Extrusion B11.18 Coiled Steel Processing

INDUSTRY CONSENSUS STANDARDS

ANSI - B11.19 Machine Tools, Safeguarding B11.20 Manufacturing Systems/Cells

PROGRAM REQUIREMENTS
ALL EMPLOYERS MUST:

Install Machine Safeguards Review Job Specific Hazards Implement Corrective Actions Conduct Hazard Assessments Conduct Accident Investigations

Provide Training to All Required Employees

Control Workplace Hazards Using PPE As a Last Resort

MACHINE GUARDING IS IMPORTANT

A GOOD PROGRAM WILL HELP:

Improve Quality. Improve Absenteeism. Maintain a Healthier Work Force. Reduce Injury and Illness Rates. Acceptance of High-Turnover Jobs. Workers Feel Good About Their Work. Reduce Workers Compensation Costs. Elevate SAFETY to a Higher Level of Awareness.

PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION
IMPLEMENTATION OF A MACHINE GUARDING PROGRAM REQUIRES:

DEDICATION PERSONAL INTEREST MANAGEMENT COMMITMENT

NOTE:

UNDERSTANDING AND SUPPORT FROM THE WORK FORCE IS ESSENTIAL, WITHOUT IT THE PROGRAM WILL FAIL!

MANAGEMENTS ROLE
Considerations: 1. Support the Machine Guarding Effort. 2. Ensure Your Support Is Visible.

3. Get Involved.
4. Attend the Same Training As Your Workers. 5. Insist on Periodic Follow-up & Program Review. 6. Implement Ways to Measure Effectiveness.

THE SUPERVISORS ROLE

Considerations:
1. Treat All Near-Misses As an Accident. 2. Get Involved in the Guarding of Machines. 3. Complete the Paperwork (Work Orders, Policy Changes, Etc.) To Make Guarding Improvements. 4. Get Your Workers Involved. 5. Never Ridicule Any Injury or Near Miss. 6. Be Professional - You Could Save a Life Today. 7. Attend the Same Training As Your Workers. 8. Follow-up on the Actions You Took.

THE EMPLOYEES ROLE

Considerations:
1. Report All Accidents and Near-Misses Immediately. 2. Contribute to Make Corrective Actions. 3. Always Provide Complete and Accurate Information. 4. Report All Machine Guarding Problems or Deficiencies 5. Follow-up With Any Additional Information.

SAFETY COMMITTEE
Safety Committees Should:
Hold Regular Guarding Accident Review Meetings. Document Meetings. Encourage Employee Involvement. Bring Employee Guarding Complaints, Suggestions, or Concerns to the Attention of Management. Provide Feedback Without Fear of Reprisal. Analyze Statistical Data Concerning Accidents, and Make Recommendations for Corrective Action. Follow-up Is Critical.

REMEMBER
Any machine part, function, or process which may cause injury must be safeguarded. When the operation of a machine or accidental contact with it can injure the operator or others in the vicinity, the hazards must be either controlled or eliminated.

BASICS OF MACHINE GUARDING

Where Mechanical Hazards Occur The Point of Operation: Power Transmission Apparatus:

Other Moving Parts:

BASICS OF MACHINE GUARDING

Where Mechanical Hazards Occur

The Point of Operation: Where work is performed on the material, such as:
Cutting Shaping Boring Forming of stock

LATHE

BASICS OF MACHINE GUARDING

Where Mechanical Hazards Occur

Power Transmission Apparatus: All components of the mechanical system which transmit energy to the part of the machine performing the work.

300 RPM

BASICS OF MACHINE GUARDING

Where Mechanical Hazards Occur
Other Moving Parts: Any part of the machine which moves while the machine is working. Rotating parts Feed mechanisms Reciprocating parts Transverse moving parts Auxiliary parts of the machine

BASICS OF MACHINE GUARDING

Hazardous Mechanical Motions and Actions A wide variety of mechanical motions and actions may present hazards to the worker: Rotating members Reciprocating arms Moving belts Meshing gears Cutting teeth Any parts that impact or shear

BASICS OF MACHINE GUARDING

Hazardous Mechanical Motions and Actions

Recognition of these hazards is the first step toward protecting workers from the danger they present.

BASICS OF MACHINE GUARDING

Hazardous Mechanical Motions Motions

Rotating Reciprocating Transversing

NIP POINT

BASICS OF MACHINE GUARDING

Hazardous Mechanical Actions Actions Cutting Punching Shearing Bending

SHEARITE CUTTING BLADES

BASICS OF MACHINE GUARDING

Hazardous Mechanical Motions

Rotating Motions
- Collars - Couplings - Cams - Clutches - Flywheels - Shaft ends - Spindles - Meshing gears - Horizontal shafts - Vertical shafts

BASICS OF MACHINE GUARDING

Hazardous Mechanical Motions

Rotating Motions
Rotating motions can grip clothing, and through mere skin contact force a limb into a dangerous position. The danger increases when projections such as set screws, bolts, nicks, abrasions, and projecting keys or set screws are exposed on rotating parts.

BASICS OF MACHINE GUARDING

Hazardous Mechanical Motions Reciprocating Motions

NIP POINT

NIP POINT

RECIPROCATING

MOTION

BASICS OF MACHINE GUARDING

Hazardous Mechanical Motions

Reciprocating Motions

RECIPROCATING

MOTION

CAUGHT IN-BETWEEN OR STRUCK-BY

BASICS OF MACHINE GUARDING

Hazardous Mechanical Motions Transversing Motions
TRAVEL

IN-RUNNING NIP POINTS

BASICS OF MACHINE GUARDING

Hazardous Mechanical Motions Rotating Motions

NIP POINTS

BASICS OF MACHINE GUARDING

Hazardous Mechanical Actions Cutting Actions
- Rotating motions - Reciprocating motions - Transversing motions
The danger of cutting action exists at the point of operation where finger, arm and bodily injuries can occur and where flying chips or scrap material can strike the head, particularly in the area of the eyes or face.

BASICS OF MACHINE GUARDING

Hazardous Mechanical Actions Cutting Actions Bandsaws Circular saws Boring machines Drilling machines Turning machines (lathes) Milling machines

BASICS OF MACHINE GUARDING

Hazardous Mechanical Actions Punching Actions Power presses Iron workers The principle hazard occurs at the point of operation where stock is inserted, held or withdrawn.
PRESS

20 TON
ACME PRESSES
PRESS

BASICS OF MACHINE GUARDING

Hazardous Mechanical Actions Shearing/Bending Actions Mechanical shears Hydraulic shears Pneumatic shears The principle hazard occurs at the point of operation where stock is inserted, held or withdrawn.
DANGER CUTTING EDGE
PRESS PRESS

SHEARITE POWER SHEARS

SHEAR TERROR

BASICS OF MACHINE GUARDING

Requirements for Safeguards
Be securely attached Create no new hazards Withstand operational conditions Allow for safe routine maintenance Allow for safe operator adjustments Withstand environmental conditions Provide protection from falling objects Prevent contact with hazardous conditions Create no interference in the conduct of work

BASICS OF MACHINE GUARDING

Nonmechanical Hazard Considerations: Power sources are potential sources of danger How will guarding affect equipment operation? Ensure proper grounding of systems Replace frayed, exposed , or old wiring Consider effects of - High pressure systems - Extreme temp. conditions - Pulsation, vibration, or leaks - Noise or unwanted sounds - Cutting fluids and coolants
HOT SURFACE

BASICS OF MACHINE GUARDING

Operator Training Considerations: Provide instruction and or hands-on training Discuss the purpose of safeguards Cover associated hazards thoroughly Involve guard designers in the training Describe how to properly use safeguards Describe how safeguards provide protection Describe circumstances for safeguard removal Explain what to do if safeguards are damaged Explain what to do if safeguards are missing

BASICS OF MACHINE GUARDING

Operator Training Considerations:

Defeating, altering, or removing safeguards can cause injury to co-workers and can leave the person performing such actions liable under the OSHA Act of 1970.

BASICS OF MACHINE GUARDING

Protective Clothing and Equipment Considerations:
ENGINEERING CONTROLS
Work Station Design Process Modification

FIRST CHOICE

Tool Selection and Design Mechanical Assist

ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS
Training Programs Pacing

SECOND CHOICE

Job Rotation/Enlargement Policy and Procedures

PERSONNEL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT LAST CHOICE

Gloves Shields Non-Slip Shoes Wraps Eye Protection Aprons

BASICS OF MACHINE GUARDING

Protective Clothing and Equipment Considerations: Appropriate for the particular hazard(s) Maintained in good condition Properly stored when not in use Kept clean, fully functional, and sanitary

METHODS OF MACHINE GUARDING

Guarding Method Dependant on: Type of material Type of operation Method of handling Size or shape of stock Physical layout of the work area Production requirements or limitations

METHODS OF MACHINE GUARDING

Manufacturers Recommendation:

Before beginning the process of guard procurement, design, or installation, the equipment manufacturer should be consulted for advice.

METHODS OF MACHINE GUARDING

Generally: Power transmission apparatus is best protected by fixed guards that enclose the danger areas

Point of operation hazard guarding will vary

METHODS OF MACHINE GUARDING

Safeguards Are Grouped Under 5 Classifications: Guards Devices Locations/Distance Feeding and ejection methods Miscellaneous aids

METHODS OF MACHINE GUARDING

GUARDS

METHODS OF MACHINE GUARDING

Guards: Guards are barriers which prevent access to danger areas, there are four general types: Fixed guards Interlocked guards Adjustable guards Self-Adjusting guards

METHODS OF MACHINE GUARDING

Fixed Guards: Fixed guards are a permanent part of the machine and not dependent upon moving parts to perform its intended function.

METHODS OF MACHINE GUARDING

Fixed Guards:
ADVANTAGES
Can be constructed to suit many different applications In-plant construction is often possible Can provide maximum protection Usually requires minimum maintenance Can be suitable to high production operations Can be suitable to high repetition operations

METHODS OF MACHINE GUARDING

Fixed Guards:
LIMITATIONS
May interfere with visibility Can be limited to specific operations Machine adjustments and repair often require guard removal, thereby necessitating other means of protection for maintenance personnel

METHODS OF MACHINE GUARDING

Interlocked Guards: Interlocked guards are designed to automatically shut off or disengage the machine if the guard is opened or removed

AUTOMATIC VISUAL ALARM

AUTOMATIC AUDIBLE ALARM

METHODS OF MACHINE GUARDING

Interlocked Guards: Interlocked guards may use: Electrical power Mechanical power Hydraulic power Pneumatic power

OR ANY COMBINATION OF POWER SOURCES

METHODS OF MACHINE GUARDING

Interlocked Guards: Interlocks should not prevent inching by remote control if required

Replacing guards should restart the machine

not

automatically

IMPORTANT

METHODS OF MACHINE GUARDING

Interlocked Guards:
ADVANTAGES
Can provide maximum protection Allows access to machine for removing jams without time consuming removal of fixed guards LIMITATIONS

Requires careful adjustment and maintenance May be easy to disengage jams

METHODS OF MACHINE GUARDING

Adjustable Guards: Typically adjusted by the operator Accommodate various sizes of stock May require additional operator training Adjustable guards are typically used on: Bandsaws Tablesaws Power presses Routers Similar equipment

METHODS OF MACHINE GUARDING

Adjustable Guards:
ADVANTAGES
Can be constructed to suit many specific applications Can be adjusted to admit varying sizes of stock LIMITATIONS Hands may enter danger area Protection may not be complete at all times May require frequent maintenance and or adjustment The guard can be defeated by the operator May interfere with visibility

METHODS OF MACHINE GUARDING

Self-Adjusting Guards: Adjusts automatically to the work Accommodate various sizes of stock May require additional operator training Self-Adjusting guards are typically used on: Radial arm saws Tablesaws Circular saws Routers Jointers Similar equipment

METHODS OF MACHINE GUARDING

Self-Adjusting Guards:
ADVANTAGES
Off-the-shelf guards are often commercially available LIMITATIONS Protection may not be complete at all times May require frequent maintenance and or adjustment May interfere with visibility

METHODS OF MACHINE GUARDING

DEVICES

METHODS OF MACHINE GUARDING

Devices: Devices fall into four general types: Presence-Sensing devices Pullback devices Restraint devices Safety trip controls

METHODS OF MACHINE GUARDING

Devices: Devices may perform one of several function: Stop a machine if a body part is in danger Restrain or withdraw a hand if it is in danger Require activation by the use of both hands Provide a barrier synchronized to the operation

METHODS OF MACHINE GUARDING

Presence-Sensing: Photoelectric Radiofrequency Electromechanical
PRESS PRESS

ACME PRESSES

METHODS OF MACHINE GUARDING

Presence-Sensing:

Before beginning the process of procurement, design, or installation, the equipment manufacturer should be consulted for advice.

METHODS OF MACHINE GUARDING

Presence-Sensing: Photoelectric Radiofrequency Electromechanical
PRESS

20 TON
ACME PRESSES
PRESS

METHODS OF MACHINE GUARDING

Pullback Devices:
Attached to Wrists Positioning Critical Adjustment Critical Maintenance Critical Training Critical Must Stop Machine Immediately!

NYLON PULLBACK STRAPS ATTACHED TO WRISTBANDS

METHODS OF MACHINE GUARDING

Restraint Devices:
Uses Cables or Straps Affixes to Hands May Need Feeding Tools Adjustment Critical Positioning Critical Maintenance Critical Training Critical Must Restrain Body Part From Hazard!

METHODS OF MACHINE GUARDING

Safety Trip Controls:
Body Trip Bars Hand/Arm Trip Bars Tripwire Cables Positioning Critical Adjustment Critical Maintenance Critical Training Critical Manual Reset Needed Must Stop Machine Immediately!

METHODS OF MACHINE GUARDING

Two-Hand Control:
Needs Constant Pressure Needs Concurrent Pressure Positioning Critical Adjustment Critical Maintenance Critical Training Important Must Stop Machine Immediately!

20 TON
PRESS

ACME PRESSES

PRESS

METHODS OF MACHINE GUARDING

Location/Distance Safeguarding:
Position Dangerous Areas of Machines So That They Are Not Assessable During Normal Operations. Examples Include: Position Hazard Areas Against a Wall Locate Hazards Out of Reach of Operators Add Enclosures or Fences to Restrict Access Design Stock Feeding Openings Away From Hazards Position the Operators Control Station Away From Hazards

METHODS OF MACHINE GUARDING

Feeding and Ejection Methods:
Automatic Feeds - Fed From Rolls, Indexed by Machine Semiautomatic Feeds - Fed by Chutes, Movable Dies, Dial Feed, Plungers, or Sliding Bolsters Automatic Ejection - Air or Mechanical Ejection Semiautomatic Ejection - Air or Mechanical Ejection Initiated by The Operator Robotics - Perform Work Usually Performed by Operator

METHODS OF MACHINE GUARDING

Feeding and Ejection Methods:
Manufacturers Should Be Consulted to Determine: Feeding and Ejection Add-on Options Latest Technology Available Best Available Technology Operator Training Requirements Maintenance Staff Training Requirements Cost Estimates for Upgrades Feasibility Assessment Information

METHODS OF MACHINE GUARDING

Miscellaneous Aids:
Examples of Possible Applications: Awareness Barriers - (Not adequate for continuous hazards) Color coding of hazard areas Signage Shields (i.e. splash, eye protective, thermal etc.) Holding and Positioning Tools

METHODS OF MACHINE GUARDING

Guard Construction:
Many Machines Come With Safeguards Many Older Machines Now Have Safeguards Available Manufacturers Are Increasingly More Concerned With Liability Companies Not Specialized in Guarding Issues

METHODS OF MACHINE GUARDING

Builder Designed and Installed Guards:
Usually Conform to Design and Function of Machine Better Can Be Designed to Strengthen the Machine in Some Way or to Serve Some Additional Functional Purposes

METHODS OF MACHINE GUARDING

User Designed and Installed Guards:
Often the Only Practical Solution for Older Equipment Can Be Designed and Built to Fit Unique & Changing Situations Can Be Installed on Individual Dies and Feeding Mechanisms Can Help Promote Safety Consciousness in the Workplace Sometimes Do Not Conform As Well As Builder Designed Depending on Talent and Resources May Be Poorly Designed

METHODS OF MACHINE GUARDING

Point-of-Operations Guards :
Defined as: The area on a machine where work is actually performed upon the material being processed.
Complicated by the Number and Complexity of Machines in Use Must Fully Safeguard the Employee Must Allow Production to Continue Hazard Analysis Is Usually Required If Poorly Designed, Built, or Installed Guards May Create a Hazard Rather Than Eliminating One.

METHODS OF MACHINE GUARDING

Mechanical Power Transmission Apparatus Guards:
The only openings usually needed are for: Lubrication Adjustment Repair Inspection

300 RPM

METHODS OF MACHINE GUARDING

Guard Material:
Under Many Circumstances, Metal Is the Best Material for Guards. Guard Framework Is Usually Made From Structural Shapes, Pipe, Bar, or Rod Stock. Filler Material Generally Is Expanded or Perforated or Solid Sheet Metal or Wire Mesh. It May Be Feasible to Use Plastic or Safety Glass Where Visibility Is Required. Guards Made of Wood Generally Are Not Recommended Because of Their Flammability and Lack of Durability and Strength. However, in Areas Where Corrosive Materials Are Present, Wooden Guards May Be the Better Choice.

LOCKOUT TAGOUT OVERVIEW 29CFR - 1910 - 147

29CFR - SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS 1910 - GENERAL INDUSTRY 147 - LOCKOUT TAGOUT STANDARD

LOCKOUT TAGOUT OVERVIEW

TITLE - CONTROL OF HAZARDOUS ENERGY SEPTEMBER 1, 1989 - FINAL RULE ISSUED JANUARY 2, 1990 - FINAL RULE TOOK EFFECT

LOCKOUT TAGOUT OVERVIEW

Authorized Employee
The Person Who Locks or Tags Out Machines To Perform Servicing or Maintenance.

Affected Employee
An Employee Whose Job Requires Him or Her To Operate or Use a Machine or Piece of Equipment On Which Servicing or Maintenance Is Being Performed.

LOCKOUT TAGOUT OVERVIEW

DANGER LOCKED OUT

DO NOT OPERATE
This Lock/Tag may only be removed by
NAME: _______________ DEPT : _______________ EXPECTED COMPLETION DATE: ________________ TIME: _________________

LOCKOUT TAGOUT OVERVIEW

Normal Operations
1. Covered If an Employee Must Remove or Bypass Guards or Devices 2. Covered Where Employees Are Required to Put A Body Part in a Machine Process Area 3. Covered Where Employees Are Required to Put A Body Part in a Machine Having a Danger Zone

TIPS FOR USING CONTRACTORS

REMEMBER, YOU CONTROL YOUR FACILITY OR AREA!
REVIEW THEIR PROCEDURES WITH THEM BEFORE STARTING THE JOB! DETERMINE THEIR SAFETY PERFORMANCE RECORD! DETERMINE WHO IS IN CHARGE OF THEIR PEOPLE!

DETERMINE HOW THEY WILL AFFECT YOUR EMPLOYEES!