INTRODUCTORY ELECTRONICS

BY
TORKUDZOR MOSES.

OUTLINE
Atomic Structure Electronic Materials

P-N Junction Diodes Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs) Small Signal Amplifiers

ELECTRONICS
Is the study of the behaviour of electrons in vacuum(i.e. absence of air, fluids(i.e. gases and liquids) and in crystals.

THE STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM

ENERGY BAND STRUCTURE

ENERGY-BAND DIAGRAM

Insulator
Conduction Band Conduction Band

Semiconductor

Conductor
Conduction Band

Energy Gap

Energy Gap Valence Band

Valence Band

Valence Band

ENERGY-BAND DIAGRAM
Electron energy

Conduction Band

Energy Gap

Valence Band

Generation of electron-hole pairs

BASIC SEMICONDUCTOR CONCEPTS

SEMICONDUCTOR Semiconductors are a group of solids whose electrical properties are intermediate between conductors and insulators .

For example, the resistivity of a conductor is of the order of 10-8 m, that of an insulator is 104 m and that of a semiconductor is 10-1m

BASIC SEMICONDUCTOR CONCEPTS

Semiconductors are group IV elements i.e. each has four valence electrons. They are therefore called Tetravalent Atoms The valence electrons are shared with four neighboring atoms in a tetrahedral arrangement forming covalent bonds, which maintain the crystalline solid structure.

BASIC SEMICONDUCTOR CONCEPTS

Silicon crystalline structure with covalent bonds

Si Si Si

Si
Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

BASIC SEMICONDUCTOR CONCEPTS (Semiconductor Atoms)

BASIC SEMICONDUCTOR CONCEPTS

BASIC SEMICONDUCTOR CONCEPTS

INTRINSIC SEMICONDUCTOR

BASIC SEMICONDUCTOR DOPING CONCEPTS

The main reason semiconductor materials are so useful is that their behaviour can easily be manipulated by the addition of impurities, through a process called doping. Extrinsic Semiconductor N- type Semiconductor P-type Semiconductor

BASIC SEMICONDUCTOR CONCEPTS

BASIC SEMICONDUCTOR CONCEPTS

P-N JUNCTION

P-n junction

P-N JUNCTION

P-N JUNCTION FORWARD BIAS

P-N JUNCTION REVERSE BIAS

I-V CHARACTERISTICS

BREAKDOWN REGION
Zener effect
Zener breakdown occurs when the electric field in the depletion layer increases to the point where it can break covalent bonds and generate electron hole pairs.

Avalanche effect
This occurs when the minority carriers that cross the depletion region under the influence of the electric field, gain sufficient kinetic energy to be able to break covalent bonds in atoms with which they collide

SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
Semiconductor devices play an indispensable role in electronics Semiconductor devices are electronic components that exploit the electronic properties of semiconductor materials, principally silicon, germanium, and gallium arsenide etc.

SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
In the early days of radio and television, transmitting and receiving equipment relied on vacuum tubes, but these have been completely replaced in the last three decades by semiconductor devices, which include transistors, diodes, relays integrated circuits and other electronic components

SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES

Diodes

Transistors

Integrated circuits

SUMMARY
*Electronics *Energy Band Concept

*Basic Semiconductor Concepts *PN junction *I-V characteristics *Semiconductors Devices

THANK YOU

BASIC SEMICONDUCTOR CONCEPTS