CLD 20202 Process Instrumentation

CHAPTER 2 Pressure Measurement

Objectives
After finish this lesson, you will be able to:

Define the pressure Differentiate the types of pressure Understand the characteristic of liquid pressure & factor that affected

 Understand the characteristic of gas pressure Apply the different unit of pressure measurement Understand the principle, operation, advantages & disadvantages of pressure measurement device

Pressure
Defined as normal force exerted by a fluid per unit area (gas & liquid) Units of pressure N/m2 (Pascal, Pa) Other units = bar, atm, kgf/cm2, lbf/in2 = psi

F ma P A A

Unit of Measurement
English unit - pound per square inch (psi) (SI) unit - Newton per square meter (Pascal) Common units Kilograms per square centimeter (kg/cm2) Kilopascals (kPa) Bar ( 1 bar = 100,000 Pa)

referenced to column of fluid inches of water (in H2O) millimeter of mercury (mm Hg) torr

 indicated pressure includes or excludes atmospheric pressure

psig psia

Example

Absolute, Gauge & Vacuum Pressure

Several common ways to measure pressure 1. Zero absolute pressure 2. Standard atm pressure Gauge pressure (psig)refer to atm pressure (14.7psia) Absolute Pressure (psia)refer to zero abs pressure (vacuum) Vacuum Pressure (-50mmHg)refer atm pressure & measured in ve direction

 Most pressure measuring devices calibrated to read zero in the atmosphereGauge Pressure

Pgauge Pabs Patm

Pressure below atmospheric pressureVacuum Pressure

Pvac Patm Pabs

Example 1

Solution

Example 2

Solution

Hydrostatic Pressure
Pressure a fluid exerts on an object or container walls Applied to determine LEVEL of liquid in tanks

P gH
P = hydrostatic pressure rho = density of liquid H = height of the liquid G = gravitational force

Variation of pressure with depth

P in a fluid at a rest does not change in the horizontal direction

In the presence of a gravitational field, P increases with depthmore fluid rests on deeper layers

Liquid Pressure Characteristic

Influenced by : Position within static fluid but at a given position (height) Unaffected by : Shape of the confining boundaries

Factors Affecting Liquid Pressure

Density
Depth Surface Pressure P proportional to density P proportional To depth Any P acting on the Surface (P atm)

Gas Pressure Characteristic

Gas expand to fill entire area that contains them. 2 factors that affect a gas
Volume
BOYLES LAW
describes the inversely proportional relationship between the absolute PRESSURE and VOLUME of gas, if the TEMPERATURE kept constant

Temperature
CHARLES LAW
for a fixed mass of gas at constant volume, PRESSURE directly proportional to the TEMPERATURE

BOYLES LAW
Volume of gas inversely proportional to pressure
V
@ single T

V1/P V = constant / P P*V = constant

V 1/P

P1*V1 = constant = P2*V2 P1V1 = P2V2

CHARLES LAW:

(1746-1823)

Pressure is proportional to absolute temperature (assuming V and n constant)

P
T @ Constant V and n

PT

(Temp in kelvin)

P = constant * T
Also, Volume of gas is proportional to the amount of gas present

Vn

v = constant * n

Now with the equations

P = constant x T P x V = constant x T x constant x n P x V = constant x n x T PxV=RxnxT

v = constant x n P x V = constant
P1V1 = P2V2

PV = nRT

Liquids do not obey the ideal gas laws Virtually no change with P (hydraulics), small change with T

Pressure Measurement Devices

Typical Pressure Transmitter consists 2 parts: 1. Primary Element 2. Secondary Element

Pressure Measurement Devices

Primary element - pressure sensor / pressure element - converts to: physical motion that is proportion to applied pressure (mechanical /electrical value) - read by the secondary element. Secondary element - pressure measuring instrument - electronics (transducer) - convert output (primary element) to signal such as 4-20mA.

 electronic-based sensor (strain gages) have better response and higher accuracy than mechanical-based types (bourdon) pressure measuring instruments pressure transducer

THANK YOU