Reference: Digital Image Processing Rafael C. Gonzalez Richard E.

Woods

What is a digital image?

An array of real or complex numbers represented by a

finite number of bits.

11/6/2013

CS 04 804B Image Processing - Module1

What is digital image processing?

Processing of a two dimensional image using a

computer. Digital processing of any two dimensional data for storage, transmission and machine perception.

11/6/2013

CS 04 804B Image Processing - Module1

Three Types of Processing

Low-Level Both inputs and outputs are images. Involves primitive operations such as image preprocessing to reduce noise, contrast enhancement, and image sharpening. Middle-Level Inputs are images; Outputs are attributes extracted from images. Involves image segmentation (partitioning image into regions), classification or recognition of individual objects.

11/6/2013

CS 04 804B Image Processing - Module1

 High-Level Working with recognized objects as in image analysis. eg; automated analysis of text
I. II. III. IV.

V.

Acquiring image of area containing the text. Preprocessing Segmenting individual characters. Describing characters in a form suitable for computer processing. Recognizing the individual characters.

11/6/2013

CS 04 804B Image Processing - Module1

Origin of Image Processing

One of the first applications of digital imaging was in the newspaper industry.
Early 1920s- Introduction of The Bartlane Cable Picture Transmission system. Pictures were sent by submarine cable between London and New York. 5 distinct levels of grey.

11/6/2013

CS 04 804B Image Processing - Module1

 1929: Levels of grey increased to 15.

11/6/2013

CS 04 804B Image Processing - Module1

 1964: Pictures of moon transmitted by Ranger7 were

processed using computers to correct various types of image distortion.

11/6/2013

CS 04 804B Image Processing - Module1

Applications of DIP
Medical applications-to study X-ray images.

11/6/2013

CS 04 804B Image Processing - Module1

 Geographic Information Systems-to study pollution

patterns from aerial and satellite images.

11/6/2013

CS 04 804B Image Processing - Module1

10

 Astronomy

11/6/2013

CS 04 804B Image Processing - Module1

11

Applications classified based on their sources of energy

Electro-magnetic spectrum (gamma rays with highest

energy to radio waves with lowest energy)

11/6/2013

CS 04 804B Image Processing - Module1

12

 Gamma-ray Imaging Radioactive isotope emits positrons while it decays. Gamma rays are given off when a positron hits an electron. These are detected and image is created.

11/6/2013

CS 04 804B Image Processing - Module1

13

 X-ray Imaging X-rays are generated using an X-ray tube(vacuum tube with a cathode and an anode).

11/6/2013

CS 04 804B Image Processing - Module1

14

 Imaging in Ultra Violet Band

11/6/2013

CS 04 804B Image Processing - Module1

15

 Imaging in Visible and Infrared Bands

11/6/2013

CS 04 804B Image Processing - Module1

16

 Remote sensing applications

11/6/2013

CS 04 804B Image Processing - Module1

17

11/6/2013

CS 04 804B Image Processing - Module1

18

Other areas of application

Microwave band Radar (explores inaccessible regions of

earths surface) Radio band in medicine(Magnetic Resonance Imaging) and astronomy Acoustic Imaging (mineral and oil exploration over land and water) Synthetic Imaging Archaeology Physics Biology Defense Industry Machine perception
CS 04 804B Image Processing - Module1 19

11/6/2013

Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing

11/6/2013

CS 04 804B Image Processing - Module1

20

Image acquisition
Involves preprocessing such as scaling

11/6/2013

CS 04 804B Image Processing - Module1

21

Image Enhancement
Brings out details that are obscured.
Highlights certain features of interest in an image.

11/6/2013

CS 04 804B Image Processing - Module1

22

Image Restoration
Improves appearance of an image
Based on mathematical or probabilistic models of

image degradation.

11/6/2013

CS 04 804B Image Processing - Module1

23

Colour Image Processing

Colour is used to extract features of interest in an

image.

11/6/2013

CS 04 804B Image Processing - Module1

24

Wavelets and Multiresolution Processing

Wavelets are used: for representing images in various degrees of resolution for data compression pyramidal representation

11/6/2013

CS 04 804B Image Processing - Module1

25

Compression
Reduces the storage required to save an image or

bandwidth required to transmit it.

11/6/2013

CS 04 804B Image Processing - Module1

26

Morphological Processing
Tools for extracting image components that are useful

in the representation and description of shape of image. eg; boundary extraction.

11/6/2013

CS 04 804B Image Processing - Module1

27

Segmentation
Partitions image into its constituent parts or objects.

11/6/2013

CS 04 804B Image Processing - Module1

28

Representation and description

Output of segmentation stage - Raw pixel data(either the

boundary of a region or the region as a whole).

Choosing a representation - one step in transforming raw

data into form suitable for computer processing.

Description(feature selection) deals with highlighting

features of interest.

11/6/2013

CS 04 804B Image Processing - Module1

29

11/6/2013

CS 04 804B Image Processing - Module1

30

Object Recognition
Assigning labels to objects based on its descriptors.

11/6/2013

CS 04 804B Image Processing - Module1

31

Image Representation
Each digital image consists of a finite number of

elements called picture elements or pixels. Each pixel has a particular location and value. Image representation concerns with charaterization of the quantity that each pixel represents.
Luminances of objects Absorption characteristics of body tissue

Radar cross-section of target

Temperature profile of a region

11/6/2013

CS 04 804B Image Processing - Module1

32

Definition for a Digital Image

Any two dimensional function that bears information

is considered an image. An image is defined as a two-dimensional function f(x,y), where x and y are spatial coordinates. Amplitude of f at any pair of coordinates (x,y) is called intensity of image at that point. When x, y and amplitude values of f are all finite, discrete quantities, the image is called a digital image.

11/6/2013

CS 04 804B Image Processing - Module1

33

Knowledge Base

11/6/2013

CS 04 804B Image Processing - Module1

34

 Knowledge about the problem domain. Details regions of an image where information of

interest is known to be located. Advantage: limits the search. Controls the interaction between modules.

11/6/2013

CS 04 804B Image Processing - Module1

35

Components of an Image Processing System

11/6/2013

CS 04 804B Image Processing - Module1

36

Image Acquisition
Two elements: Image sensors Digitizer
Image sensor Physical device that is sensitive to the energy radiated by the object we wish to image.
Digitizer Converts sensing device output to digital form.

11/6/2013

CS 04 804B Image Processing - Module1

37

Specialized Image Processing Hardware

High speed front end subsystem.

Two elements: Digitizer Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)

ALU performs arithmetic and logical operations in parallel on entire images. eg; averaging images for noise reduction.

11/6/2013

CS 04 804B Image Processing - Module1

38

Image Processing Software

Consists of specialized modules that perform specific

tasks. User can write code utilizing these specialized modules.

11/6/2013

CS 04 804B Image Processing - Module1

39

Mass Storage
A must for image storage

Image of size 1024 x 1024 pixels in which intensity of

each pixel is an 8-bit quantity requires 1 MB of storage space.

3 categories: Short-trem (during processing)

Online storage (for fast access)

Archival (infrequent access, massive storage)

11/6/2013

CS 04 804B Image Processing - Module1

40

Short-term:
Computer memory Frame buffers

Online:
Magnetic disks

Optical media

Archival:
Magnetic tapes
Optical disks

11/6/2013

CS 04 804B Image Processing - Module1

41

Image Displays
Color TV monitors

Hardcopy devices
Laser printers, cameras, heat-sensitive devices.

11/6/2013

CS 04 804B Image Processing - Module1

42

Thank You

11/6/2013

CS 04 804B Image Processing - Module1

43