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What is hormon?
Many organs in the body secreted biologically active compound called endocrine hormones, which are transported via blood stream to other tissues or organs where they exert a biological effect As classically defined, is a substance that is synthesized in one organ and transported by the circulatory system to act on another tissue Hormones can act on adjacent cells (paracrine) Hormones can act on the cell in which they were synthesized without entering the sistemic circulation (autocrine)
Long-Distance Regulators
Animal hormones are chemical signals that are secreted into the circulatory system and communicate regulatory messages within the body Hormones reach all parts of the body, but only target cells are equipped to respond Hormones convey information via the bloodstream to target cells throughout the body
Several hormones may control one, process or one hormon may control several process Provide communication beetween cells, tissues and organs This comunication is responsible for the regulation of wide range of functions including growth, reproduction, development, homeostasis, and response to external stimuli. Failure in this comunication channels are common and lead to many diseases of the endocrine system
In order to act , hormones must interact with other loci on or in the target cell These sites are termed receptors A receptor is a locus to which the hormone binds in order to elicit its action
RECEPTOR
RECEPTOR
- Second, the receptor must able to transmit the information gained from the binding to trigger a cellular response.
Thus, subtances that bind hormones, even tightly, but do not trigger subsequent responses are not receptors.
Types of Hormones
1-Chemical composition : Cholesterol derivates this include : glucorticoid, mineralocorticoid, esterogen, progestin Amino acid -tyrosine Polypeptyde-ACTH,TRH Glycoprotein-TSH, FSH, LH 2-Solubility properties-lipophilic dan hidrophilic 3-Location of reseptor 4-Nature of signaling used to mediate hormonal action within the cell
Group I hormones
receptors
C.The second messenger is calcium or phosphatidyl inositols (or both) Gastrin, oxitocyn, cholecistokinin, TRH, Acetilcholin D.The second messenger is a kinase or phosphatase cascade Adponectin, insulin , leptin, GH, Prolactin, IGF-I , II, EGF IGF-
Steroid, Polypeptides, protein, iodothyronines,calcitri glycoproteins, ol, retinoids cathecolamines Lipophilic Yes Long ( hours to days) Intracellular Receptor-hormone complex Hydrophilic No Short (minutes) Plasma membran cAMP.cGMP, Ca2+,metabolites complex phosphoinositols, kinase cascade
Hormones are synthesized in discrete organs designed solely for spesific purpose Pituitary: TSH, FSH, LH, GH, Prolactin, ACTH Some organs are disigned to perform two distinct but closely related function Ovaries produce mature oocyte and reproductive hormones estradiol and progesteron The testes produce mature spermatozoa and testesterone Hormones are also produced in specialized cells within other organs Small intestine : glucagon like peptide Thyroid : calcitonin Kydney : angiotensin II The synthesis of some hormones requires the parenchimal cells of more than one organ Skin, liver, kidney : calcitriol.
Hormon are synthesized and modified for full activity in a variety of ways
Some hormones are synthesized in final form and secreted immediattely , included in this class are the hormon derived from cholesterol Others are synthesized in final form and stored in producing cells, example catecholamine The others hormone synthesized and from precursor molecules in the producing cell, then are processed and secreted upon a physiologic cue, examples insulin Converted to active forms from precurssor molecules in the periphery, examples: T3, DHT
The endocrine system secretes hormones that coordinate slower but longer-acting responses including reproduction, development, energy metabolism, growth, and behavior A common feature is a feedback loop connecting the response to the initial stimulus Negative feedback regulates many hormonal pathways involved in homeostasis
SECRETORY CELL
SECRETORY CELL
Hormone molecule
VIA BLOOD Signal receptor TARGET CELL Signal transduction pathway OR Cytoplasmic response Signal transduction and response Signal receptor DNA VIA BLOOD
Hormone molecule
TARGET CELL
mRNA NUCLEUS
Binding of a hormone to its receptor initiates a signal transduction pathway leading to responses in the cytoplasm or a change in gene expression The same hormone may have different effects on target cells that have
Different receptors for the hormone Different signal transduction pathways Different proteins for carrying out the response
Different receptors different cell responses Epinephrine a receptor Epinephrine receptor Epinephrine receptor Glycogen deposits Vessel dilates
Vessel constricts
Glycogen breaks down and glucose is released from cell Liver cell
Neurotransmitters Cytokines and growth factors Prostaglandins help regulate aggregation of platelets, an early step in formation of blood clots
The hypothalamus and pituitary integrate many functions of the vertebrate endocrine system
The hypothalamus and the pituitary gland control much of the endocrine system Tropic hormones, hormones that regulate endocrine organs Tropic hormones are secreted into the blood and transported to the anterior pituitary
Hypothalamus
Axon
Anterior pituitary
HORMONE
ADH
Oxytocin
TARGET
Kidney tubules
Tropic Effects Only FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone LH, luteinizing hormone TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone
Portal vessels
HORMONE
FSH and LH
TSH
ACTH
Prolactin
MSH
Endorphin
Growth hormone
TARGET
Testes or ovaries
Thyroid
Adrenal cortex
Mammary glands
Liver
Bones
Tropic Hormones
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Luteinizing hormone (LH) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Each tropic hormone acts on its target endocrine tissue to stimulate release of hormone(s) with direct metabolic or developmental effects
Nontropic Hormones
Nontropic hormones produced by the anterior pituitary: Prolactin stimulates lactation in mammals but has diverse effects in different vertebrates MSH influences skin pigmentation in some vertebrates and fat metabolism in mammals Endorphins inhibit pain
Growth Hormone
Growth hormone (GH) has tropic and nontropic actions It promotes growth directly and has diverse metabolic effects It stimulates production of growth factors
Two antagonistic hormones, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin, play the major role in calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis in mammals. Calcitonin stimulates Ca2+ deposition in bones and secretion by kidneys, lowering blood Ca2+ levels
Two Glands of Hormon Thyroid and parathyroid Located Produce hormone (PTH)
Calcitonin
STIMULUS: Rising blood Ca2+ level Homoeostasis: Blood Ca2+ level (about 10 mg/100 mL) Blood Ca2+ level rises to set point
STIMULUS: Falling blood Ca2+ level Stimulates Parathyroid gland Ca2+ release from bones
PTH
Insulin Beta cells of pancreas release insulin into the blood. Liver takes up glucose and stores it as glycogen.
STIMULUS: Rising blood glucose level (for instance, after eating a carbohydraterich meal)
Blood glucose level declines to set point; stimulus for insulin release diminishes.
Blood glucose level rises to set point; stimulus for glucagon release diminishes.
STIMULUS: Dropping blood glucose level (for instance, after skipping a meal)
Liver breaks down glycogen and releases glucose into the blood.
Glucagon
Promoting the cellular uptake of glucose Slowing glycogen breakdown in the liver Promoting fat storage
Stimulating conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver Stimulating breakdown of fat and protein into glucose
Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes mellitus is perhaps the bestknown endocrine disorder It is caused by a deficiency of insulin or a decreased response to insulin in target tissues It is marked by elevated blood glucose levels
The pineal gland, located in the brain, secretes melatonin Light/dark cycles control release of melatonin Primary functions of melatonin appear to relate to biological rhythms associated with reproduction
Invertebrate regulatory systems also involve endocrine and nervous system interactions
Diverse hormones regulate homeostasis in invertebrates In insects, molting and development are controlled by three main hormones:
Brain hormone stimulates release of ecdysone from the prothoracic glands Ecdysone promotes molting and development of adult characteristics Juvenile hormone promotes retention of larval characteristics
1.
2.
3.
Hormone affects: promotes the synthesis of insulin-like growth factors Controls normal growth patterns by increasing protein synthesis, lipolysis, ATP production, and carbohydrate metabolism In adults, it help maintain muscle and bone mass and promote healing and tissue repair
Hypo-secretion:
Hyper-secretion:
Acromegaly: Enlargement of the small bones of the hand and feet Enlargement of the cranium, nose, and lower jaw Tongue, liver, and kidneys become enlarged
Thyrotrophs:
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Hypothalamic Control
Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH)
Target Tissue
Follicular cells of the Thyroid gland
Follicular cells: T3 and T4 Target Tissue; Almost all body tissues Hormone effects: Increases body metabolism Increases gluconeogenesis Increases glycolysis Increases lipolysis Increased basal metabolic rate (BMR) Increases heart rate and force of contraction
Hypothyroidism:
endemic goiter: (due to I2 deficiency) Myxedema: bagginess under the eyes and swelling of the face. Arteriosclerosis: due to increase in blood cholesterol Cretinism: extreme hypothyroidism during infancy and childhood
Hypothyroidism:
Cretinism: Physical and mental growth and development is greatly retarded
Hyperthyroidism
Toxic goiter Graves Disease with exophthalmos
Corticotrophs
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Hypothalamic Control
Corticotropic releasing hormone (CRH)
Target Tissue
Zona glomerulosa
Mineralocorticoids such as Aldosterone
Hormonal control
Target tissue:
Hyper-secretion: Aldosteronism: Hypokalemia, increase in extracellular fluid and blood volume,and hypertension, may also have period of muscular paralysis Hypo-secretion: Addisons disease Mineralocorticoids deficiency, death occurs in four days to two weeks if untreated
Zona Fasciculata
Glucocorticoids such as cortisol and cortisone
Hormone control:
ACTH
Target tissue:
Hormone affects: Stimulates gluconeogenesis by the liver Decreased glucose utilization by cells
Hormone affects: Elevated blood glucose levels Reduction of protein stores in all body cells except the liver increased plasma protein levels promote lipolysis and beta oxidation of fat Helps body recover from stress Prevention of inflammation
Hypo-secretion
Addisons disease - glucocorticoid deficiency person becomes highly susceptible to disease and deteriorating effects of stress
Hyper-secretion:
Cushings Syndrome mobilization of fat from lower body to the thoracic and upper abdominal regions giving raise to Buffalo Torso
Zona reticularis
Produces small amounts of androgens, mostly dehydroepiandoster one (DHEA), DHEA may be converted into estrogens
Hormone Control:
Believed to be ACTH
Target tissue:
General body cells
Hyper-secretion:
Adrenogenital Syndrome in females causes beard growth, deeper voice, masculine distribution of body hair, and growth of the clitoris to resemble a penis. Picture: In pre-pubertal males it causes the rapid develop of secondary sexual conditions
Hyper-secretion: Adrenogenital Syndrome in females causes beard growth, deeper voice, masculine distribution of body hair, and growth of the clitoris to resemble a penis. Picture: Virilizing adrenal hyperplasia in a newborn female baby, DHEA was converted to testosterone
Hyper-secretion: Picture: micropenis in a newborn baby boy. micropenis is a result of hypopituitarism and lack of production of LH and therefore testosterone by the cells of Leydig
Parathyroid Hormones