TOPIC 1

TECHNOLOGY IN TEACHING AND LEARNING

TECHNOLOGY

The systematic application of scientific or other organized knowledge to practical tasks. (Galbraith, 1967)
Skill the skill of applying (scientific or non-scientific) knowledge systematically to produce a practical practice in

carrying out a task.

Scientific knowledge any knowledge which is tested and can be stated in the form of a set of general principles.

Other organized knowledge - knowledge which is useful to human.

Comes from the Greece word techne which means

skills.

Is not only referred to hardware, but also a way of

solving problems.

It is not just identifying different pieces of hardware. It is understanding what is available, when and why it should

be used, how it is effectively adapted, integrated,

evaluated and adjusted.

INSTRUCTION

The process of setting the teaching specification before teaching is

implemented

Instruction is the arrangement of information and environment to

facilitate learning.

Environment we mean not only where instruction takes place the but
also the methods, media and equipment needed to convey information and guide the learners study.

(Heinich,R., Molenda,M., Russel,J.D.& Smaldino,S.E.,2005)

TEACHING

The process of delivering the specification by the teacher to the

students to produce learning.

Teaching is an art that has no appeal when it is describe only in words

Teaching is a science which has: Procedure

Systematic preparation
Organized presentation Good solutions
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Teaching includes:
Setting objectives

Design learning experience

Prepare teaching materials

Evaluate the effectiveness of the materials

Knowing how to become a good, all-rounded,

experienced and interesting teacher

Identify students needs
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Teaching is: To deliver information To transfer information To encourage learning

To produce better human being

(Wan Zah Wan Ali, 2000)
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The process of working with the students to help them to be able to learn. It involves the effort of finding and identifying students misconceptions towards what is taught, take

action to ensure changes in understanding and

create effective learning context.

(Ramsden, 1933; Trigwel, Prosser & Lyons, 1997)

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A motion to create human being which is able to solve complex problems, recognize power and use the knowledge learned in class to solve problems outside

the classroom. This means the learning is useful in

interpreting the world that we are living in. true learning is able to change a persons understanding about something. Ramsden (1988)
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Teaching is a way of guiding students to gain quality

experiences until it can help them to build possibility in being a human as much as possible. Pullias & Young (1968)

Nobody is born a human being. A human being is

the inhabitant of a world composed not of things, but of meaning Oakeshott
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LEARNING

Learning is the development of new knowledge, skill or attitudes as an individual interacts with information and the environment.

(Heinich & Molenda,1999, 2005)

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Learning is measured by the amount of change that occurs

within an individuals level of knowledge, performance, or

behaviour. It is brought about through experience or some form of interaction with the environment.

Learning environment includes the physical facilities, the psychological atmosphere, instructional technology, media

and methods.

Learning involved the selection, arrangement, and delivery of information in an appropriate environment and the way learners interact with that information.
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INSTRUCTION, TEACHING, LEARNING

Instruction

Learning

Teaching

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Technology in Education
A teaching process which utilizes technology (tools/methods) to make learning more effective. Utilization of tools which are suitable to increase the effectiveness of teaching-learning process
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 The early stage of the development of educational technology is the equipment phase design of tool
Tools have to be prepared existing software is not enough needed to be designed. Building of software based on the latest learning theories.

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 application of technological processes and tools which can be used to solve problems of instruction and learning (Seel & Richey, 1994, p. 9) The application tools include principles, process, and products that teachers and students use to enhance learning. Educational technology utilizes application tools to accomplish the overall goal of constructing and delivering optimal learning experiences.
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Educational Technology

Educational Technology
A combination of the processes and tools involved in addressing educational needs and problems, with an emphasis on applying the most current tools: computers and other electronic technologies. (Roblyer, 2006)

Processes Educational Technology Tools

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Educational Technology
Processes Refer to the instructional procedures for applying tools, including learning theories, applications that help students for future jobs by teaching them skills in using current tools as well as skills in learning to learn for tools of the future that have not yet been invented. Tools Overlapping combination of media, instructional systems, and computer-based support systems. (Roblyer, 2006)
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 Educational technology is a field involved in the facilitation of human learning through the systematic identification, development, organization and utilization of a full range of learning resources and through the management of these processes. (ACET, 1972) Educational technology is a complex, integrated process involving people, procedures, ideas, devices and organization, for analyzing problems and devising, implementing, evaluating and managing solutions to those problems, involved in all aspects of human learning. (AECT, 1977, p.1)

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Educational technology
A systematic and rational study and analysis to design and apply ideas, tools / materials and procedures which integrate with human force so that teaching-learning can be more interesting and efficient. (Jawatankuasa Istilah Teknologi pendidikan, 1993) Educational technology is the application of media, system, approaches and techniques towards more efficient teaching and learning. (Bahagian Teknologi Pendidikan, Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia, 1991)
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DOMAINS OF TECHNOLOGY IN EDUCATION

What is AECT ?
The Association for Educational Communications and Technology (AECT) is a professional association of thousands of educators and others whose activities are directed toward improving instruction through technology The Association has become a major organization for those actively involved in the designing of instruction and

a systematic approach to learning

Instructional Technology Domain 1977

AECT 1977s definition

Instructional Technology is an integrated and complex process which it involves human resources, other sources, procedures, ideas, apparatus and organizations to analyze, problems that are possible to arise about human learning, and then design,

evaluate and manage the solution of those problems in a state that the process of
learning has certain objective and it is controlled.

FUNCTION OF INSTRUCTIONAL MANAGEMENT.

Standardize and manage the other functions. Responsible to ensure that the flow of education goes smooth and effective.

types
Organization management - Identify the needs of the organization - Decide the aims and the objectives - Estimated expenses - Transaction - Management of the intra and inter relationship of organization. Staff management - Take, supervise, and evaluate the employees

FUNCTION OF INSTRUCTIONAL DEVELOPMENT.

- Analysis problems of learning - Create , implement, and evaluate the solutions of problems
Distribution
Research Theory

Usage

Logistics

Instructional Development

Design

Selection

Publishing

Evaluation

FUNCTION OF LEARNING RESOURCE.

-In Instructional Technology, the solution for all the problems that occurs is in the Function of Learning Resource.
Settings or locations.

Techniques

Message

Learning Resource
Equipment Human

Materials

Instructional Technology Domain 1994

Instructional Technology Domain year 1994 is the continuity from Instructional Technology Domain year 1977.
The only difference between the Instructional Technology domain year 1994 and year 1977 is the Instructional Technology domain in year 1994 is more detailed and specific There are 5 domains in the Instructional Technology Domain year 1994. There are not much differences in all the domains between the 2 years. This is because the development, usage and evaluation domain in the Instructional Technology Domain year 1994 is already in the Instructional Development. Each domain has its own theory and practice. These domain can function alone or it can also interact with other domains.

The interaction can be in any form not only in a linear form.

The definition about Instructional Technology which is defined by AECT in the year 1994.
Instructional Technology is a theory and a practice about designing, developing, using, managing, and evaluating process plus sources for learning.

The definition gives major importance to theory and practice. According to the definition theory and practice is the base for each action taken. You should always have knowledge ( theory ) to support your practice if you are involved in this field. What is theory ??? Theory is concepts, constructs, principles and suggestions that will contribute to knowledge. What is practice ??? Practice is the usage or the application of knowledge to solve the problems.

Question 3
Discuss the roles and benefits of education technology in teaching and learning nowadays.

The Roles & Benefits of Education Technology in Teaching & Learning

Roles of Education Technology

INSTRUCTOR (Directed learning) LEARNER (Directed learning) PORTFOLIO THEMATIC INSTRUCTION DISTANCE EDUCATION

INSTRUCTOR
Provide supplemental support of the live in instructor in the classroom. Enhance and promote learning and support teacherbased instruction. Advance organizer: * Act as an aid to give effective instruction * Ensure that media play their proper role as supplemental supporters of instruction. * An overview or introduction to lesson content, a statement of learning objectives and so on.

LEARNER
Technology and media: * objective are listed * guidance is given * materials are essembled * self-evaluation guidelines are provided Help teachers become creative manager Cooperative learning- an approach to organizing classroom activities into academic and social learning experiences Hypermedia programs

PORTFOLIO
Collections of student work that illustrates growth over a period of time. Contain: * written documents (poems,stories, research papers) * media presentations (slide sets, photo essay) * audio recordings (debates,panel discussions,oral presentations) * video recordings (students athletic, musical or dancing skills) * computer multimedia projects (print,data,graphics and moving images) * students reflections abourt their work Provide a broad picture of what students know and can do. Students are able to potray both the process and products of their works.

ELECTRONIC PORTFOLIO
Allow students to learn computer skills. Students have the opportunity to be creative and exhibit their interests and hobbies. Easier to satisfy the continual need to add to and update. Could save space rather than file cabinets by used of CD-ROM,etc. Better organized and more appealing, easily viewed. Time consuming

THEMATIC INSTRCUTION
Organized instruction around topics or anchors. A good theme or anchor must: * capture and hold students attention * support interdisciplinary activities * variety of media and technology

DISTANCE EDUCATION
The course content delivered by instructional media such as: * audiocassettes * videotapes * videodiscs * computer courseware Radio, broadcast television and teleconferences are utilized for live distance education. Chat rooms, bulletin or discussion boards and listdserv to support distance learning. Computer networks and online can be used for distance education.

BENEFITS OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY

MOTIVATION ENHANCED INSTRUCTIONAL METHODS INCREASED PRODUCTIVITY REQUIRED INFORMATION AGE SKILLS

MOTIVATION
Connections with distance audiences

Ways of gaining learner attention

Support for manual operations in high-level learning Ilustrations of real-world relevance

Engagement in production work

ENHANCED INSTRUCTIONAL METHODS

Interaction and immediate feedback

Visual demonstrations
Ilustrative connections between skills and applications Opportunities to study systems in unique ways Unique information sources and populations Self-paced learning Access to learning opportunities Cooperative learning

INCREASED PRODUCTIVITY
Saving time on production tasks Grading and tracking student work Faster access to information sources

Saving money on consumable materials

 Thematic instruction is an instructional method of teaching in which emphasis is given on choosing a specific theme for teaching one or many concepts . It is based on integrating various information and use it to demonstrate the topic

 Hypermedia is used as a logical extension of the term hypertext in which graphics, audio, video, plain text and hyperlinks intertwine to create a generally non-linear medium of information. This contrasts with the broader term multimedia, which may be used to describe non-interactive linear presentations as well as hypermedia. It is also related to the field of electronic literature.