4.

0 Reproduction & Growth

4.1 Gamete formation
The necessity for organism to
reproduce
 The continuation of the species.
 The passing down of an individual’s
genes to future generations.
Types of reproduction
 Two types:
b) Asexual reproduction
c) Sexual reproduction
a) Asexual reproduction
 The reproductive process in which
new individuals are produced
without the formation of gametes.
 Does not involve the fusion of
haploid gametes
b) Sexual reproduction
 Thecreation of offspring through the
fusion of haploid gametes (male
gamete and female gamete) to form a
diploid zygote (fertilised egg).
 Reproduction

Sexual Asexual

Binary fission Spore formation Budding

Vegetative reproduction Regeneration

Differences between sexual reproduction
and asexual reproduction
Differences
Sexual Asexual
reproduction reproduction

The production of new The production of new

individuals involving SEX CELLS individuals without involving
@ GAMETES SEX CELLS @ GAMETES

Gametes are formed by The process relies entirely on

MEIOTIC DIVISION MITOTIC DIVISION

Involves 2 INDIVIDUALS Involves only 1 INDIVIDUAL

(parents) (single parent)
 Sexual Differences
reproduction
New individuals inherit genes
from BOTH parents through the
fusion of the egg & sperm.
Present in humans, other
mammals, birds, reptiles,
amphibians, fish & flowering
plants
Produces OFFSPRING that are
GENETICALLY DIFFERENT from
their parents to ensures the
survival of the species if the
environmental condition
undergo changes constantly
Asexual
reproduction
New individuals get their genes
from ONE parent without the
fusion of egg & sperm.
Present in simple organisms like
Amoeba sp., Paramecium sp. &
Hydra sp., yeast & plants such
as mosses & potatoes.
Produces OFFSPRING that are
GENETICALLY IDENTICAL to the
parent to ensures the
adaptations of the parent for
survival are passed down
unchanged to the offspring.
An advantage if the
environment is stable
The formation of gametes
 In humans, the male gametes called
sperms @ spermatozoa are produced in
the male reproductive organs called
testes.
 The female gametes called ova are
produced in the female reproductive
organs called ovaries.
 These 2 types of gametes are produced
through the process of MEIOSIS.
The formation of gametes
 The gametes are genetically different from
the parent cells.
 During fertilisation, a sperm fuses with an
ovum to form zygote.
 As the sperm & ovum have a haploid
number of chromosomes (n = 23) each,
the zygote formed will have a diploid
number of chromosomes (2n = 46)
 During mitosis, the zygotes then divides
mitotically to produce millions of cells,
each cell having 46 chromosomes.
The necessity for the formation of
gametes
 The formation of gametes ensures :
– The diploid chromosomal number is
maintained from one generation to the
next generation.
– Genetic variations in the offspring to give
them better survival chances in an ever
changing environment.
– The continuity of a species.
Test Yourself
1. Why it is important for organisms to
reproduce?
2. How many types of reproduction and
what are they?
3. Give two differences between the two
types of reproduction.
4. How many types of gametes do we have
in human and what are they?
5. Why it is necessary for the formation of
gametes?
The male reproductive system
 Male reproductive system consists of :
 gonads that produce male gametes
(sperms) & sex hormones.
 Accessory glands that secrete fluids
essential to sperm movement.
 ducts that carry the sperms &
secretions.
The male reproductive system
 The male reproductive structures includes
the testes, scrotum, epididymis, vas
deferens (sperm ducts) & penis.
 The male reproductive system also
includes the seminal vesicles & prostate
gland.
 The male gonads @ the testes (singular -
testis) produce both the male gametes
(sperms) & sex hormones.
The male reproductive system
The male reproductive system
 Testes are enclosed in the external sac
called scrotum.
 The scrotum houses the testes outside the
main body cavity.
 Outside the body, the temperature of the
testes is about 2 - 4oC lower than the
normal body temperature of 37oC. Sperms
cells cannot develop at normal body
temperature, this lower temperature is
ideal for the development of healthy
sperms.
The male reproductive system
 Each testis has about one thousand
seminiferous tubules (fine, long coiled
tubes arranged compactly).
 The tubules merge to form a tightly coiled
tube called epididymis, lies just outside
the testes.
 Sperms are formed in the seminiferous
tubules & mature within the epididymis.
The male reproductive system
 The epididymis connected to the vas
deferens @ sperms duct which also stores
the sperms.
 The vas deferens leaves the scrotum &
enters the abdominal cavity.
 The 2 sperm ducts join the urethra which
connects the bladder to the penis.
 The sperm pass from the seminiferous
tubules through the epididymis & vas
deferens into urethra.
The male reproductive system
 The urethra is the exit route for both
sperm & urine.
 During the journey of the sperm from the
testis to the urethra, accessory glands add
secretions for transport & survival of the
sperm.
 The seminiferous vesicles secrete a thick,
clear fluid containing nutrients for the
sperm.
The male reproductive system
 The prostate gland secretes a milky white
fluid that activates @ increases the
mobility of the sperm.
 The sperm & the secretions from the
accessory glands make up the semen.
Formation of sperm in humans
 Spermatogenesis (spermatozoa formation)
takes place in the densly coiled
seminiferous tubules.
 Line up the seminiferous tubules are 2
types of cells (germinal epithelial cells &
sertoli cells).
 Germinal epithelial cells of a seminiferous
tubule divide by MITOSIS to produce
DIPLOID SPERMATOGONIA.
Formation of sperm in humans
 The spermatogonia grow to become
PRIMARY SPERMATOCYTES which are
large DIPLOID cells.
 Each primary spermatocytes undergoes
MEIOSIS I to form TWO HAPLOID
SECONDARY SPERMATOCYTES.
 Each secondary spermatocyte divides
again during MEIOSIS II to produce TWO
SPERMATIDS. This means a total of FOUR
spermatids are formed for every primary
spermatocyte.
Formation of sperm in humans
 Spermatids obtain nourishment from
nearby nutritive cells (sertoli cells),
develop tails & mature into SPERMS
(SPERMATOZOA) through cell
differentiation.
 Spermatogenesis takes about 65-75 days
in human male.
Pathway of sperm from production to ejaculation.
Structure of the human sperm
A mature sperm consists of 3 distinct
parts : a head, a midpiece & a tail.
 The head contains a large nucleus & a
specialised lysosome called the
acrosome, which contains hydrolytic
enzymes that help to digest the protective
layer surrounding an ovum, enabling the
sperm penetrate & fertilise it.
 Midpiece contains a large number of
mitochondria, which provide the energy
needed for the movement of the tail.
Test Yourself
1. Describe the male reproductive system.
2. How is the formation of sperm in
human?
3. Explain the structure of the human
sperm.
The female reproductive system
 Consist of 2 ovaries, two fallopian
tubes, the uterus, cervix, vagina and
the external genital organs called
vulva.
 Ovaries produce the female gametes
(ova) and female hormones
(oestrogen and progestrone).
The female reproductive system
Formation of ovum in humans
 Oogenesis (formation of ovum) starts in
the ovaries of the foetus before birth.
 The formation starts with the formation of
precursor egg cells called oogania
(singular – ooganium).
 Originate from germinal epithelial cells
near the surface of an ovary.
 Then its multiply by mitosis to form
DIPLOID oogonia.
Formation of ovum in humans
 Oogonia will grow up to form
PRIMARY OOCYTES (diploid).
 Each primary oocyte is surrounded
by a layer of follicle cells that
nourish the developing oocyte.
 It also secrete female sex hormones
 Primary oocyte & these follicle cells
make up a primary follicle.
Formation of ovum in humans
 At birth a human female has as many as 2
million primary oocytes but the number
will reduced during puberty about 400,000.
 After birth, the primary oocytes become
dormant until puberty
 After puberty until menopause, every
month a few primary oocytes become
active & meiosis resume BUT only SINGLE
primary oocytes in primary follicle
matures completely.
Formation of ovum in humans
 Primary oocyte undergoes meiosis I
to form HAPLOID cells which are not
equal in size.
 Secondary oocyte, together with
layers of follicle cells around it, is
now called SECONDARY FOLLICLE.
 Secondary oocyte starts MEIOSIS II
Formation of ovum in humans
 The secondary follicle increases in size & mature
to form GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE.
 At intervals of approximately 28 days the
Graafian follicle merges with the wall of ovary.
 The ovarian wall & the Graafian follicle RAPTURE,
releasing the secondary oocyte @ egg into the
Fallopian tubes.
 The process whereby the ovary released the
secondary oocyte known as OVULATION.
 Ovulation take place in one of the ovaries once in
every 28 days.
Formation of ovum in humans
 Single primary oocyte gives rise to
SINGLE HAPLOID OVUM & THREE
HAPLOID POLAR CELLS/BODY.
 Polar bodies will degenerate.
 When Graafian follicle released
secondary oocyte, it develop into a
yellowish mass of cells known as
CORPUS LUTEUM.
Formation of ovum in humans
 Ifno pregnancy occur corpus luteum
degenerate approximately at 10th days.
 But if pregnancy takes place corpus
luteum not generate & play an important
role to secrete oestrogen & progesterone.
 Whole formation & development of ova
regulated by hormones.
Comparison Between Spermatogenesis
& Oogenesis
 What is spermatogenesis?
 What is oogenesis?
 Where do spermatogenesis takes
place?
 Where do oogenesis takes place?
Discussion
 Discuss in your group to compare
and contrast the stages that occur
during formation of sperm and ova.
Exercise
 DoCheckpoint 4.1 on page 128 in the
textbook.