Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Waste Generation
Collection Transfer and Transport Separation and processing and transformation of solid waste Disposal
Learning outcomes
To describe planning of a landfill
To describe the components of a landfill and the
processes which take place in a landfill To design effective and safe sanitary landfill
INTRODUCTION
Introduction
Conventional LF for commingled MSW LF for milled solid wastes Monofills for designated or specialized wastes Other types of landfill Majority of LF in the world are designed for commingled MSW In class III LF, limited amounts of non-hazardous industrial waste and sludge from water and wastewater treatment plants are also accepted Normally native soil is used as intermediate and final cover material If not available, compost, foam, old rugs and carpeting, dredging spoil, and demolition wastes can be used To obtain additional LF capacity, abandoned or closed landfills
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Shredded waste can be placed at up to 35% greater density and some without daily cover since blowing waste, odors, flies and rates not signification problems Less soil cover is used because shredded waste can be compacted tighter and more uniform surface Disadvantage: needs of shredding facilities, special section for hard to shred wastes Potential applications in areas where landfill capacity is very expensive, cover material not readily available and low precipitation Shredded waste can also be used to produce compost which can be used as intermediate cover material
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E.g. Combustion ash and asbestos often identified as designated waste Purpose is to isolate from materials placed in MSW LF Combustion ash monofill may have odor problem due to reduction of sulfate gas recovery system is recommended
LF designed to maximize gas production
Other types of LF
1. Deep, individual lined cells, waste is placed without intermediate layers of cover material and leachate is recycled to enhance AD Organic part will be separated and placed in separate landfill for gas recovery and stabilized waste use for cover material
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2.
TERMS OF DEFINITIONS
Sanitary landfill
Definition:
a method of disposing solid waste on land without creating nuisance or hazard to public health or safety. Utilising engineering principles to confine wastes to the smallest practical area and to reduce it to the smallest practical volume and cover it with a layer of earth at the conclusion of each days operation or at such more frequent intervals as may be necessary.
period which includes solid waste deposited and daily cover material surrounding it
Daily cover usually consists of 6 to 12 in of native soil or
alternative materials (e.g. compost) applied to working faces of landfill at the end of operating period to minimize waste blowing, prevent rats, flies, etc. and control of water entering the landfill during operation
Lift a complete layer of cells over the active area of the landfill Bench (terrace) a flat surface commonly used to maintain slope
stability of landfill, placement of surface water drainage channel, location of landfill gas recovery piping (height LF > 50 to 75 ft)
Final lift includes the cover layer Final cover layer multiple layers of soil and/or geomembrane
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runoff, irrigation water, infiltrating groundwater and water initially contained in wastes
Landfill gas mixture of gas produced from anaerobic digestion of
waste
Landfill liner several layers of compacted clay and/or
geomembrane material (natural or synthetic) use to line the bottom area and below-grade sides of a landfill designed to prevent migration of leachate and gas
Landfill control facilities includes liners, landfill leachate and
landfill gas collection and extraction systems, daily and final cover layers
Environmental monitoring involves activities associated with
collection and analysis of water and air samples to monitor the movement of LFG and leachate
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LANDFILL IN MALAYSIA
Landfill in Malaysia
There are approximately 230 landfills in Malaysia and all
or into the land in such a manner that pollution to the environment is prevented as far as possible.
internal basin drainage and treatment, external drainage and surface water management, landfill gas management, and closure and restoration provisions
Type of Landfill
1. Hazardous Waste Landfill disposal facility treatment storage must be appropriately permitted specify all design & operating practices necessary to ensure compliance 2. Inert Waste Landfill - deploys environmental-friendly treatment
Acceptable Waste to be disposed Construction Waste Soil Tyres Garden Waste Any types of non-leaching waste Non-Acceptable Waste Domestic Waste Toxic Waste Fluid Waste Schedule Waste Condemned Food Waste
3. Open Dumping Landfill does not protect the environment susceptible to open burning exposed to the scavengers 4. Sanitary landfill new scientific technique purpose - treat wastes in an environment-friendly way guarantee protection risk of pollution minimized Strict permanent monitoring system types of solid waste
Level of Landfill
Reference: Agamuthu, P. and Fauziah S.H. (2008). Solid waste landfilling: Environmental factors and health. Proceedings of the EU-Asia Solid Waste Management Conference. Malaysia.
Table: Malaysia adopted a classification system that describes landfill state of technology (Idris, 2009)
Level 1 2 3
Descriptions Controlled tipping Sanitary landfill with a bund and daily soil covering Sanitary landfill with leachate re-circulation system
Landfills in Malaysia
Table: Number of landfill sites and levels in Malaysia (up to March 2002) by Idris, 2009 Open Dumps 0 3 0 9 0 6 2 13 5 2 10 0 0 15 12 Number of Landfill Sites According to Types Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Number 0 0 0 1 1 2 3 0 1 9 0 1 1 0 2 5 2 2 0 18 7 1 1 2 11 3 1 1 0 10 0 1 0 0 3 8 4 1 0 26 3 2 3 1 14 4 1 0 1 8 1 1 0 0 12 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 11 2 0 0 28 4 0 1 0 17 161
State Perlis Kedah Pulau Pinang Perak Selangor Negeri Sembilan Melaka Johor Pahang Terengganu Kelantan Kuala Lumpur Labuan Sarawak Sabah
LANDFILL PLANNING
2.
3. 4.
5.
6. 7. 8.
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SITING CONSIDERATION
Factors 1. Available land area 2. Haul distance 3. Soil conditions and topography 4. Surface water hydrology 5. Geologic and hydrogeology conditions
Remarks Site should have useful life >1 yr (min value) Will have significant impact on operating costs Cover material must be available at or near the site Impacts drainage requirements Probably most important factors establishment of landfill site esp. with respect to site preparation Provisions must be made for wet-weather operation
6. Climatologic conditions
four phases:
Phase 1: Site rating process (negative mapping) Phase 2: Identification of site areas (positive areas) Phase 3: Site investigation Phase 4: Final decision
Drinking water protection areas; High flood areas; Unstable ground; Extreme morphology; Unsuitable geological and hydrogeological conditions; Residential areas including a protection distance; Nature protection areas; Important cultural sites.
sources; Hydro-geology and water management; Goetechnical and constructional aspects; Meteorological aspects; Nature protection and land use.
Protection of soil and water Installation of liner and collection systems. Storm water control Leachate management. Landfill gas management
Operations Confined to as small an area as possible. Compacted to reduce their volume. Covered (usually daily) with layers of soil
Location Easy access to transport by road Transfer stations if rail network is preferred Land value Cost of meeting government requirements Location of community served
Costs Feasibility studies Site after care Site investigations (costs involved make small sites uneconomic).
Stability Underlying geology Nearby earthquake faults Water table Location of nearby rivers, streams, and flood plains
Capacity of the waste Density of the wastes Amount of daily cover Amount of settlement (density of compacted waste) Construction of lining and drainage layers
Methods of Landfilling
Definitions : refuse
Figure 4.14: Two methods of constructing a landfill; i) trench method and ii) area/ pit method.
Ideally suited to areas with adequate depth of cover material is available at site and deep water table Waste placed in cells excavated in the soil which is used as daily & final cover Cells usually lined with synthetic membrane liners or low permeability clay or combination of both (Fg 11.8) Cells are typically square up to 1000 ft (l) x 1000 ft (w) with side slope of 1.5:1 to 2:1 Trenches vary from 200-1000 ft (l) x 15-50 ft (w) x 3-10 ft (h)
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Canyon, ravines, dry borrowpits and quarries can be used as landfills Technique of waste placement and compaction vary with geometry of the site, characteristics of available cover material, hydrology and geology, type of leachate and gas control facilities and access to site Critical factor control of surface drainage Typically, filling for each lift starts at the head end of the canyon and ends at mouth Key of success is availability of adequate material to cover individual lifts and final cover
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CONSTRUCTION
Factors to be considered:
Protection of components already constructed; in particular, sealing layers and drainage blankets; Minimum dimensions required for construction work; Simple and non-sensitive design and construction; Climate conditions; Availability of construction materials.
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Confined Area
Confined to as small an area as possible: refuse cell confined portion -refuse is spread and compacted in thin layers several layers may be compacted on top of one another to a maximum depth of about 10 feet (3 meters).
During phase two, a compacted clay or synthetic liner is added. This liner
prevents contaminants from seeping into the groundwater. It has a permeability of 10-7 centimeters per second
Landfill Liners
4.
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During phase four, a geosynthetic liner is installed. This layer will help to
During phase five, a sloped, sand drainage layer is installed. This layer will
drain liquids away from the waste into the leachate collection system.
subsoil
During phase six, the landfill is opened and solid waste is deposited. New waste is
spread and compacted every 6 feet. A soil or synthetic liner is added daily to prevent waste from blowing and to limit pests.
Compaction Process
Compaction process: To reduce waste volume To compact waste in order to reduce the volume it occupies and help stabilize the landfill Compactor vehicle to spread the waste evenly in layers over the landfill and compact it.
Daily Cover
deposition of waste on an operational landfill site. The cover helps prevent the interaction between the waste and the air, reducing odors and enabling a firm base upon which for vehicles to operate.
Phase seven occurs throughout the active life of the landfill. During this
phase, groundwater and gas monitoring wells are drilled into full waste cells
Phase eight occurs after the landfill is filled to capacity. During this phase, a
final stabilizing soil layer is placed over the compacted solid waste.
During phase nine, a clay cap is installed. This cap prevents water from
filtering into the landfill. It is about 3 feet thick, with a permeability of 10-7 centimeters per second.
During phase 10, a geosynthetic cap is installed. This cap provides additional
During phase 11, a sand drainage layer is installed. The sand drains rainwater
LF cover configuration
Usually composed of several layers, each with specific functions Geomembrane liner as a barrier layer is favored by most LF designers to limit entry of surface water and control the release of LFG Specific cover configuration depend on location of LF and climate conditions E.g. to allow for regrading use of deep layer of soil; for rapid removal of rainfall sloped of about 3-5%
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During phase 13, grass and other short rooted plants are planted. These plants
methane recovery building is constructed. This building uses landfill gas released during degradation to generate electricity for the facility.
Important to develop an overall drainage plan for the area that shows location of storm drains, culverts, ditches and subsurface drains as the filling operation proceeds Depending on location and configuration of LF and capacity of natural drainage courses, it may be necessary to install storm water retention basin
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Specific number for monitoring stations will depend on the configuration and size of LF and the requirements of the local air and water pollution control agencies
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Typical landfill progression showing internal, interim, and final slopes, and the facility bottom. These types of slopes may also be present at other types of waste containment facilities.
Description The base of a facility that is usually sloping 5% or less so that water, leachate, and other liquids can drain from a facility. The term facility bottom excludes internal slopes or interim slopes. Interfaces on facility bottoms that have grades of 5% or less may be assigned peak shear strength during stability analyses, if appropriate.
Final slopes Slopes that exist when the final grades for a facility have been achieved, including the cover system. Interfaces on final slopes that will never be loaded with more than 1,440 pounds/ft2 may be assigned peak shear strength during stability analyses, if appropriate.
Closure design
Landfill design
Landfill Designs
Drainage design
Foundation design
Liner design
Figure: Schematic of double liner, leachate collection and landfill operations and process (Tchobanoglous et al., 1993).
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New landfills are required to have gas collection and treatment facilities Quantity of LFG must first be estimated before determining the size of gas collection and treatment facilities Several rate should be analyzed as different operating procedures produce different rate of LFG Horizontal or vertical gas recovery well depending on design and capacity of landfill and opportunity to sell power.
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LANDFILL DESIGN
Important calculation Determination of required area Lifespan of the landfill Important criteria Waste composition Waste generation rate Waste density Waste to soil ratio
Cont
To estimate the volume required for a landfill, it is necessary to know the amount of refuse being produce and density of the in-place.
PEC DC
= volume of landfill (m3/years) = population = ratio value of cover (soil) to compacted fill = (VSW + VC)/ VSW = volume of solid waste (m3) = volume of cover (m3) = average mass of solid waste collected per capita per year (kg/ person.year) = density of compacted fill (kg/ m3)
Example 1
Determine the area required for a new landfill site with a projected life of 30 years for a populations of 250, 000 generating 2.02 kg/capita.day of solid waste. The density of compacted waste is 470 kg/m3. The height of the landfill cannot exceed 15 m.
Solutions 1
Known Unknown projected life = 30 years area required =? populations = 250, 000 waste generated = 2.02 kg/capita.day density of compacted waste = 470 kg/m3 height of the landfill 15 m
Solutions 1
VLF = PEC DC
Where; VLF = volume of landfill (m3 / years) P = population E = ratio value of cover (soil) to compacted fill = (VSW + VC)/ VSW VSW = volume of solid waste (m3) VC = volume of cover (m3) C = average mass of solid waste collected per capita per year (kg/ person.year) DC = density of compacted fill (kg/ m3)
Volume of landfill for life span (years)
VLF X ? yrs
Solutions 1
Volume of waste (compacted at site) per day produced by community Volume, m3/day = population, cap. X waste generated, kg/cap.d density of compacted waste, kg/m3
Volume of waste for 30 years Volume, m3 = Volume, m3 X life span, years X 365 day day year
Example 2
Estimate the area required (ha) in constructing a landfill based on the following data: life span of the landfill = 25 years density of compacted waste = 530 kg/m3 waste generated = 2.5 kg/cap.day average height = 10 m population = 50, 000 cover soil to waste ratio = 1:4 1 ha = 10000 m2
Solutions 2
Known Unknown life span= 25 yrs area required (ha)=? average height = 10 m population = 50, 000 cover soil to waste ratio = 1:4 density of compacted waste = 530 kg/m3 waste generated = 2.5 kg/cap.day *1 ha = 10000 m2
Solutions 2
VLF = PEC DC
Where; VLF = volume of landfill (m3 / years) P = population E = ratio value of cover (soil) to compacted fill = (VSW + VC)/ VSW VSW = volume of solid waste (m3) VC = volume of cover (m3) C = average mass of solid waste collected per capita per year (kg/ person.year) DC = density of compacted fill (kg/ m3)
Volume of landfill for life span (years)
VLF X ? yrs
Solutions 2
Volume of waste (compacted at site) per day produced by community Volume, m3/day = population, cap. X waste generated, kg/cap.d density of compacted waste, kg/m3
Volume of waste for 1 year Volume, m3 /yr = Volume, m3 X 365 day day year
Cover soil to waste ratio = 1:4 Volume (cover), m3 /yr = 25% x volume of waste for 1 yr Total volume (cover and waste), m3 /yr = Volume (cover), m3 /yr + Volume (waste), m3 /yr
Volume of waste for 25 years Volume, m3 = Volume, m3 X life span, years year
Example 3
A community consist of 15, 000 population generate domestic waste about 2.3 kg/cap.day. Land area provided are 182, 000 m2. The height of the landfill cannot exceed 6 m. The density of compacted waste are 347 kg/m3. Compute the life span of the landfill and allow 25% of the volume for cover material.
Solutions 3
Known
population = 15, 000 waste generate =2.3 kg/cap.day. land area =182, 000 m2 height 6 m density of compacted waste = 347 kg/m3 cover material = 25% of the total volume
Unknown
life span=?
Solutions 3
VLF = PEC DC
Where; VLF = volume of landfill (m3 / years) P = population E = ratio value of cover (soil) to compacted fill = (VSW + VC)/ VSW VSW = volume of solid waste (m3) VC = volume of cover (m3) C = average mass of solid waste collected per capita per year (kg/ person.year) DC = density of compacted fill (kg/ m3)
Volume of landfill for life span (years)
VLF X ? yrs
Waste weighbridge
Waste collection
Landfill Compactors
Bulldozers
Tipper TrucksWheel
Tractor-Scrapers
Motor Graders
Backhoe Loaders
Covering Operations
soil covering operation begins after or concurrently with tipping and compaction operations.
cover materials helps to protect the full range of environmental management objectives
Covering operation at a landfill site
by encapsulation
presence of waste
Provides a barrier to the migration of water into the waste, controls emissions to water and atmosphere, promotes sound land management and prevents hazards.
Landfill operation
Factors to be considered:
Stability analyses of the waste body; Waste placement techniques, phasing and supervision; Settlement and other types of deformation, checked by monitoring programmes; Operating facility, buildings and roads; Gas management and monitoring programmes; Surface water and drainage; Leachate management and groundwater control; Environmental concerns, i.e. dust and noise emissions, etc.
osmosis, and
Uneven settlement caused by consolidation of material into voids
LEACHATE MANAGEMENT
LANDFILL LEACHATE
Leachate may be defined as liquid that has percolated
through waste and has extracted dissolved or suspended materials from it. Landfill leachate arises from the biochemical and physical breakdown of wastes Leachate composed of liquid produced from the decomposition of the waste and liquid
LEACHATE FORMATION
PERC = P - RO - ET - S + G
LEACHATE PRODUCTION
Leachate has entered the landfill from external sources, such as:
Surface drainage Rainfall Groundwater Water from underground springs.
LEACHATE COLLECTION
A. Ground Water B. Compacted Clay C. Geomembrane D. Leachate Collection Pipe E. Protection Layer F. Gravel G. Drainage Layer H. Soil Layer I. Old Cells J. New Cells F. Leachate Ponds
DISCHARGE
EVAPORATION
TREATMENT
LEACHATE RECYCLING
An effective method for the treatment of leachate is to
contain significant amounts of TDS, BOD, COD, nutrients and heavy metals. attenuated by biological activity and other chemical and physical reactions occurring within the landfill. recirculation
2. Recirculation Through Landfill The biochemical activity of the waste has not been exhausted, potentially offers advantages both in reducing the volume of liquid by evaporation and reducing its strength Recirculation will be most effective in summer months or in warm climates when ambient temperatures and the consequent losses by evaporation will be high and leachate production at a minimum.
Cons
Enhances landfill stabilisation Increase rate of groundwater because rate of landfill gas pollution if used in a landfill with production is increased due to single-composite-lining. increase waste moisture content. Reduce volume of municipal solid Increases toxicity of leachate by waste leachates. concentrating it.
LF LEACHATE TREAMENT
LECHATE TREATMENT
Removal jective BOD/COD ObComments Best used on "young" leachate Flexible, shock resistant, proven, minimum SRT increases with increasing organic strength, > 90% BOD removal possible Good application to small flows, > 90% BOD removal possible Aerobic polishing necessary to achieve high quality effluent > 95 % COD removal, > 99 % BOD removal
Aerated Lagoons Anaerobic Powdered Activated Carbon/Act. Sludge Physical/Chemical Coagulation/Precipitation Heavy Metals
Useful as polishing step or for treatment of "old" leachate High removal of Fe, Zn; moderate removal of Cr, Cu, Mn; little removal of Cd, Pb, Ni
Chemical Oxidation
Ion Exchange Adsorption Reverse Osmosis
COD
COD BOD/COD TDS
Raw leachate treatment requires high chemical dosages, better used as polishing step
10-70% COD removal, slight metal removal 30-70% COD removal after biological or chemical treatment 90-96 % TDS removal
ON SITE TREATMENT
Minimize the contaminants in the leachate
AERATED LAGOON
AERATED LAGOON
Shallow ponds (<1m deep)
WETLAND SYSTEM
WETLAND SYSTEM
Use wetland plants to treat leachate(e.g: cat tail)
Requires enough ground area for construction Leachate is treated by filtration, adsorption, and
reactions with the soil, roots, and bacteria in the root system
EVAPORATION
a small volume. Exhaust air from the evaporator was used to preheat the leachate and released to the atmosphere.
REED BED
a channel filled with gravel, sand or soil planted with macrophytes i.e. reeds
POLISHING
waste disposal is known as leachate. Landfill leachate have made a serious pollution threat to the water environment. reed bed systems provide reliable treatment with lower energy requirement and operation cost.
ADVANTAGES
On-site treatment is the best alternative: Lowest cost Prevents public disturbances Accommodate the changes in leachate quality and quantity Potential for fertilizer production New habitat for wildlife
Component Methane Carbon dioxide Nitrogen Oxygen Sulphides, disulphides, mercaptans, etc. Ammonia Hydrogen Carbon monoxide Trace constituents Characteristic Temperature, 0F Specific gravity Moisture content High heating value, Btu/sft3
Waste input rate Ambient pH Ambient temperature Waste density (closely or loosely packed) The specific site management strategy/strategies
2.
Passive Venting
Passive venting may be
carrier out successfully gas wells of the type shown in figure 2 They are normally constructed from high density polyethylene or polypropylene pipe up to 225mm in diameter, surrounded by no-fines crushed aggregate
Active Venting
This system should be considered for all deep landfill sites The pumped wells will need to spaced at maximum of 50 meter intervals around the site perimeter and closer in high risk areas An inner ring may be necessary in order to maintain a negative pressure gradient operating to the site boundary Over pumping this excess air is not drown into the system.
1. Gas Production The rates at which gas will be produced depend upon the physical, chemical and microbiological characteristics of the landfill For proposed and existing sites, the need for the installation of gas control system, with monitoring points, should be evaluated following a detailed assessment of the site and the surrounding area Completed sites should be monitored to establish the composition of the gas, its rate of production, migration routes and the extent of any potential hazard
2. Gas Movement and Migration The extent of gas movement within and beyond the site boundaries will be determined by the size of this force and the permeability of the waste and strata Movement of gas from the site will be influenced, to a certain extent, by: changes in barometric pressure changes in leachate level changes in water table levels
3. Gas Monitoring
Surface monitoring
Using portable instruments to assist in determining the presence of gas escape but using has chromatography to confirm the source of the gas. The use probes driven into waste or strata provides point source monitoring of the gas concentration source monitoring of the gas concentration in a local environment around the probe
5. Gas Utilization
Exploitation of the energy available in landfill gas should always be considered because, with careful design, even small site can provide sufficient energy to warrant a survey of possible nearby users In order to justify gas exploitation schemes, an indication or forecast of the rate of gas generation must be obtained
The landfill gas exploitation may classified as either: Direct use of gas, or Conversion to electricity Direct use of gas
Include brick-klin firing, boiler firing and cementklin firing It is also technically feasible to clean-up the gas ( ie. remove the carbon dioxide and other gases) and compress the remaining methane which can be put into cylinders and sold, used as a vehicle fuel or put into natural gas systems.
Conversion to electricity Spark ignition and diesel engineers can both be converted to operate on landfill gas Small sites, with less than 1 million tonnes waste in place are often considered to be below the threshold of exploitation viability but many in the UK are being investigated to assess these as well as larger sites in order to provide an estimate of national landfill gas resource.
produces from organic material that decomposed anaerobically. Made up primarily of methane and carbon dioxide LFG can also transport landfill odors offsite if vented to the atmosphere. Other odors in landfill gas : Hydrogen Sulfide largely formed if construction and demolition debris contain large quantities of wallboard ( drywall/ gypsum board). Hydrogen sulfide has the foul smell of rotten eggs. Ammonia has a strong pungent odor. Humans can detect hydrogen sulfide and ammonia odors at very low levels in air, generally below levels that would cause health effects.
potential to cause odors in neighborhoods surrounding the landfill. The household and commercial wastes brought to landfills decompose over time largely through the action of bacteria. Methane and carbon dioxide: 90 to 98% of landfill gas. The remaining 2 to 10% : nitrogen, oxygen, ammonia, sulfides, hydrogen and various other gases.
formed depends upon a variety of factors: 1. Nature and moisture content of the waste. 2. Amount of oxygen present. 3. Temperature inside the landfill. 4. Type of waste present in the landfill. 5. The age of the landfill. For example, gas production will increase if the temperature or moisture content increases. The amount of gases emitted will vary due to changing weather, changing landfill content. Morning winds tend to be most gentle, providing the least dilution of the gas The worst odor release
decomposed anaerobically.
Made up primarily of methane and carbon dioxide that contain small amount of odorous compounds that human nose can perceive at low levels. LFG can also transport landfill odors offsite if vented to the atmosphere.
concerned about odors emitted from landfills. They say that these odors are a source of undesirable health effects or symptoms, such as headaches and nausea. At low-level concentrationstypically associated with landfill gasit is unclear whether it is the constituent itself or its odors that trigger a response.
COVER THE WASTE TO REDUCE ODOR o Cover waste with more dirt o Cover with compost waste can reduce odor capability o Provide good cover materials (soil)- can filter odor, control gas and reduced water infiltration.
o Cover mainhole and leachate cleanout riser
Example: blower, headers, flares o Install LFG collector in timely manner o Make sure that install enough collector in landfills
o
MASKING WASTE
Masking type
o o o
of leachate pipes, cleanouts and manholes. Making sure there are air- tight seals around all gas control equipment to keep air out and gas in, direct the gas to the control device and maintain a safe area. Ongoing operation, monitoring and maintenance by a trained gas technician. Improve stormwater management- water increase the production of landfill gas. Use odor-neutralizing chemicals- chemical that contains ore than 99% water and a trace of soap.
ii.
Control of LFG
Major concern for long-term maintenance of LF Installation of gas control system in most modern LF, but older completed LF are retrofitted with gas collection system along with remedial actions
iii.
iv.
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Routine inspection
Routine inspection program must be established to monitor continually the condition of completed LF Criteria must be established when a corrective action(s) must be taken E.g. How much settlement will be allowed before regrading must be undertaken?
ii.
Infrastructure maintenance
Typically involve continued maintenance of surface water diversion facilities, landfill surface grades, condition of liners, revegetation and LFG and leachate collection equipment Amount of equipment must be available at site will depend on the extent and capacity of the LF and the nature of facilities to be maintained
iii.
Recreation
Landfills have also been converted into golf courses, play fields, playgrounds, flower gardens and parks. Small light structured buildings, such as car parks.
Butterworth landfill
Agriculture depends largely on the stabilization of the landfill and the proper coverage and capping of the landfill. Growing grass as feed for cattle and other pastoral animals with a very thick final cover to prevent roots perforate the lining of the landfill and absorbed
Housing
Light structured buildings have been constructed in many of the landfills in the country. It possible soil movements and settlements, so takes a very long time as the landfill has to be stabilized first.
Head start school at MSW ash landfill in Florida
CONCLUSION
Landfills have served for many decades as ultimate disposal sites for all manner of wastes: residential, commercial, and industrial, both innocuous and hazardous. However, it is essential to have a properly designed landfill to avoid unnecessary problem even though their preparation is a difficult and uncertain process
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