SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT (CPE655)

DR AZIL BAHARI ALIAS

Waste Generation

Waste handling, separation, storage and processing at the source

Collection Transfer and Transport Separation and processing and transformation of solid waste Disposal

Learning outcomes
To describe planning of a landfill
To describe the components of a landfill and the

processes which take place in a landfill To design effective and safe sanitary landfill

INTRODUCTION

Introduction

Waste - Land Disposal

Attenuate and disperse sites (dumping site):

Containment sites (landfill)

Waste - Land Disposal

Attenuate and disperse sites (dumping site/ rubbish pit): traditional form of landfilling. Attenuation mechanisms: dilution and dispersion through pores and micro fissures into underlying saturated zones. Impossible to monitor or track the leachate pollutants

Natural attenuation landfill dumping site/ rubbish pit

Waste - Land Disposal

Containment sites (sanitary / MSW landfill) Wastes, leachate and gas are isolated from the surrounding environment. The containment is achieved either by natural clay bottom liners or synthetic liners or a combination of both - is expected to be leak free. Facilities for leachate and gas collection and removal are installed and regular monitoring is possible.

Modern sanitary landfill

Landfill classification, types & methods

Types of landfill Generally three types
1. 2. 3. 4.

Conventional LF for commingled MSW LF for milled solid wastes Monofills for designated or specialized wastes Other types of landfill Majority of LF in the world are designed for commingled MSW In class III LF, limited amounts of non-hazardous industrial waste and sludge from water and wastewater treatment plants are also accepted Normally native soil is used as intermediate and final cover material If not available, compost, foam, old rugs and carpeting, dredging spoil, and demolition wastes can be used To obtain additional LF capacity, abandoned or closed landfills

LF for Commingled waste

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Landfill classification, types & methods

Types of landfill Landfill for shredded solid waste

Shredded waste can be placed at up to 35% greater density and some without daily cover since blowing waste, odors, flies and rates not signification problems Less soil cover is used because shredded waste can be compacted tighter and more uniform surface Disadvantage: needs of shredding facilities, special section for hard to shred wastes Potential applications in areas where landfill capacity is very expensive, cover material not readily available and low precipitation Shredded waste can also be used to produce compost which can be used as intermediate cover material
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Landfill classification, types & methods

Types of landfill Landfill for Individual waste constituents (Monofills)

E.g. Combustion ash and asbestos often identified as designated waste Purpose is to isolate from materials placed in MSW LF Combustion ash monofill may have odor problem due to reduction of sulfate gas recovery system is recommended
LF designed to maximize gas production

Other types of LF
1. Deep, individual lined cells, waste is placed without intermediate layers of cover material and leachate is recycled to enhance AD Organic part will be separated and placed in separate landfill for gas recovery and stabilized waste use for cover material
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2.

LF as integrated treatment units

TERMS OF DEFINITIONS

Sanitary landfill
Definition:

a method of disposing solid waste on land without creating nuisance or hazard to public health or safety. Utilising engineering principles to confine wastes to the smallest practical area and to reduce it to the smallest practical volume and cover it with a layer of earth at the conclusion of each days operation or at such more frequent intervals as may be necessary.

The landfilling- terms of definitions

Definition of terms (contd)
Cell volume of material placed in a landfill during one operating

period which includes solid waste deposited and daily cover material surrounding it
Daily cover usually consists of 6 to 12 in of native soil or

alternative materials (e.g. compost) applied to working faces of landfill at the end of operating period to minimize waste blowing, prevent rats, flies, etc. and control of water entering the landfill during operation
Lift a complete layer of cells over the active area of the landfill Bench (terrace) a flat surface commonly used to maintain slope

stability of landfill, placement of surface water drainage channel, location of landfill gas recovery piping (height LF > 50 to 75 ft)
Final lift includes the cover layer Final cover layer multiple layers of soil and/or geomembrane

material covering entire surface of landfill after completion of

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The landfilling process

Definition of terms (contd)
Leachate liquid from percolation of precipitation, uncontrolled

runoff, irrigation water, infiltrating groundwater and water initially contained in wastes
Landfill gas mixture of gas produced from anaerobic digestion of

waste
Landfill liner several layers of compacted clay and/or

geomembrane material (natural or synthetic) use to line the bottom area and below-grade sides of a landfill designed to prevent migration of leachate and gas
Landfill control facilities includes liners, landfill leachate and

landfill gas collection and extraction systems, daily and final cover layers
Environmental monitoring involves activities associated with

collection and analysis of water and air samples to monitor the movement of LFG and leachate
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The landfilling process

Definition of terms (contd)
Postclosure refers to activities associated with the long-term

monitoring and maintenance of the completed landfill (30-50 years)

Figure 11-2 pg. 363

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LANDFILL IN MALAYSIA

Landfill in Malaysia
There are approximately 230 landfills in Malaysia and all

except a few are unsanitary in nature.

A sanitary landfill is one that will deposit solid waste onto

or into the land in such a manner that pollution to the environment is prevented as far as possible.

A sanitary landfill will have leachate management through

internal basin drainage and treatment, external drainage and surface water management, landfill gas management, and closure and restoration provisions

Type of Landfill
1. Hazardous Waste Landfill disposal facility treatment storage must be appropriately permitted specify all design & operating practices necessary to ensure compliance 2. Inert Waste Landfill - deploys environmental-friendly treatment
Acceptable Waste to be disposed Construction Waste Soil Tyres Garden Waste Any types of non-leaching waste Non-Acceptable Waste Domestic Waste Toxic Waste Fluid Waste Schedule Waste Condemned Food Waste

3. Open Dumping Landfill does not protect the environment susceptible to open burning exposed to the scavengers 4. Sanitary landfill new scientific technique purpose - treat wastes in an environment-friendly way guarantee protection risk of pollution minimized Strict permanent monitoring system types of solid waste

Figure: Landfill Sites in Peninsular Malaysia (Yusof, 2008)

Level of Landfill

Reference: Agamuthu, P. and Fauziah S.H. (2008). Solid waste landfilling: Environmental factors and health. Proceedings of the EU-Asia Solid Waste Management Conference. Malaysia.

Table: Malaysia adopted a classification system that describes landfill state of technology (Idris, 2009)

Level 1 2 3

Descriptions Controlled tipping Sanitary landfill with a bund and daily soil covering Sanitary landfill with leachate re-circulation system

Sanitary landfill with leachate treatment system

Landfills in Malaysia
Table: Number of landfill sites and levels in Malaysia (up to March 2002) by Idris, 2009 Open Dumps 0 3 0 9 0 6 2 13 5 2 10 0 0 15 12 Number of Landfill Sites According to Types Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Number 0 0 0 1 1 2 3 0 1 9 0 1 1 0 2 5 2 2 0 18 7 1 1 2 11 3 1 1 0 10 0 1 0 0 3 8 4 1 0 26 3 2 3 1 14 4 1 0 1 8 1 1 0 0 12 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 11 2 0 0 28 4 0 1 0 17 161

State Perlis Kedah Pulau Pinang Perak Selangor Negeri Sembilan Melaka Johor Pahang Terengganu Kelantan Kuala Lumpur Labuan Sarawak Sabah

LANDFILL PLANNING

Principle elements that must be considered include

1.

Landfill siting consideration

2.
3. 4.

Landfill layout and design

Landfill operations and management Reactions occurring in landfill

5.
6. 7. 8.

The management of LFG

The management of leachate Environmental monitoring Landfill closure and postclosure care

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SITING CONSIDERATION

Factors 1. Available land area 2. Haul distance 3. Soil conditions and topography 4. Surface water hydrology 5. Geologic and hydrogeology conditions

Remarks Site should have useful life >1 yr (min value) Will have significant impact on operating costs Cover material must be available at or near the site Impacts drainage requirements Probably most important factors establishment of landfill site esp. with respect to site preparation Provisions must be made for wet-weather operation

6. Climatologic conditions

7. Local environmental conditions

8. Ultimate use of site

Noise, odor, dust, vector and aesthetic factors control requirements

Affects long-term management for site.

Landfill site selection

The following site selection procedure is performed in

four phases:

Phase 1: Site rating process (negative mapping) Phase 2: Identification of site areas (positive areas) Phase 3: Site investigation Phase 4: Final decision

Phase 1: Site Rating Process (negative mapping)

Exclusion criteria are:

Drinking water protection areas; High flood areas; Unstable ground; Extreme morphology; Unsuitable geological and hydrogeological conditions; Residential areas including a protection distance; Nature protection areas; Important cultural sites.

Phase 2: Identification of Site Areas (positive area)

Criteria for elimination process by ranking are:
General data, e.g. volume, distance from main waste

sources; Hydro-geology and water management; Goetechnical and constructional aspects; Meteorological aspects; Nature protection and land use.

Protection of soil and water Installation of liner and collection systems. Storm water control Leachate management. Landfill gas management

Operations Confined to as small an area as possible. Compacted to reduce their volume. Covered (usually daily) with layers of soil

Location Easy access to transport by road Transfer stations if rail network is preferred Land value Cost of meeting government requirements Location of community served

Site Construction Requirements

Costs Feasibility studies Site after care Site investigations (costs involved make small sites uneconomic).

Stability Underlying geology Nearby earthquake faults Water table Location of nearby rivers, streams, and flood plains

Capacity of the waste Density of the wastes Amount of daily cover Amount of settlement (density of compacted waste) Construction of lining and drainage layers

LANDFILL LAYOUT, CONSTRUCTION AND DESIGN

Methods of Landfilling

Figure: Ramp method

Figure: Excavated/ trench method

Figure: Area Method

Definitions : refuse

Figure 4.14: Two methods of constructing a landfill; i) trench method and ii) area/ pit method.

Landfill classification, types & methods

Landfilling methods Excavated cell/trench method

Ideally suited to areas with adequate depth of cover material is available at site and deep water table Waste placed in cells excavated in the soil which is used as daily & final cover Cells usually lined with synthetic membrane liners or low permeability clay or combination of both (Fg 11.8) Cells are typically square up to 1000 ft (l) x 1000 ft (w) with side slope of 1.5:1 to 2:1 Trenches vary from 200-1000 ft (l) x 15-50 ft (w) x 3-10 ft (h)

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Landfill classification, types & methods

Landfilling methods Canyon/Depression method

Canyon, ravines, dry borrowpits and quarries can be used as landfills Technique of waste placement and compaction vary with geometry of the site, characteristics of available cover material, hydrology and geology, type of leachate and gas control facilities and access to site Critical factor control of surface drainage Typically, filling for each lift starts at the head end of the canyon and ends at mouth Key of success is availability of adequate material to cover individual lifts and final cover

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CONSTRUCTION

Factors to be considered:

Protection of components already constructed; in particular, sealing layers and drainage blankets; Minimum dimensions required for construction work; Simple and non-sensitive design and construction; Climate conditions; Availability of construction materials.

Overview of Landfill construction

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Landfill Construction Phase

During the phase one of landfill construction, land is excavated

to within 3 feet of the top of the water table.

Confined Area

Confined to as small an area as possible: refuse cell confined portion -refuse is spread and compacted in thin layers several layers may be compacted on top of one another to a maximum depth of about 10 feet (3 meters).

Landfill Construction Phase

During phase two, a compacted clay or synthetic liner is added. This liner

prevents contaminants from seeping into the groundwater. It has a permeability of 10-7 centimeters per second

Sanitary Landfill Liner System Installation

Landfill Liners

Natural clay Soil cements Asphaltic material Polymeric membranes Combination

Landfill Construction Phase

During phase three, a leachate collection system is installed. This system is

composed of pipes that overlay the compacted clay or synthetic liner.

Leachate Management Facilities

Landfill liner and leachate collection facilities

Type of landfill liner used will depend on the local geology and hydrology Generally, landfill sites should be located where there is little or no possibility of contaminating potable water supplies Current trend is using composite liners including a geomembrane and clay layer

Leachate treatment facilities

Most common alternative to manage collected leachate depending on local conditions:
1. 2. 3.

Leachate recycling Leachate evaporation Treatment followed by disposal

4.

Discharge to municiple wastewater collection system

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Landfill Construction Phase

During phase four, a geosynthetic liner is installed. This layer will help to

stabilize the waste.

Landfill Construction Phase

During phase five, a sloped, sand drainage layer is installed. This layer will

drain liquids away from the waste into the leachate collection system.

Composite Basal Lining System

waste transitional layer preventing fine-grained waste from blocking the drainage blanket drainage blanket collection and removal of leachate protective layer distribution of concentrated stresses geomembrane prevention of leakage

mineral sealing layers

subsoil

Landfill Deposit Waste

During phase six, the landfill is opened and solid waste is deposited. New waste is

spread and compacted every 6 feet. A soil or synthetic liner is added daily to prevent waste from blowing and to limit pests.

Compaction Process

Compaction process: To reduce waste volume To compact waste in order to reduce the volume it occupies and help stabilize the landfill Compactor vehicle to spread the waste evenly in layers over the landfill and compact it.

Daily Cover

Layer of compressed soil or earth which is laid on top of a day's

deposition of waste on an operational landfill site. The cover helps prevent the interaction between the waste and the air, reducing odors and enabling a firm base upon which for vehicles to operate.

Landfill Deposit Waste

Phase seven occurs throughout the active life of the landfill. During this

phase, groundwater and gas monitoring wells are drilled into full waste cells

Landfill Manage Landfill

Phase eight occurs after the landfill is filled to capacity. During this phase, a

final stabilizing soil layer is placed over the compacted solid waste.

Landfill Manage Landfill

During phase nine, a clay cap is installed. This cap prevents water from

filtering into the landfill. It is about 3 feet thick, with a permeability of 10-7 centimeters per second.

Landfill Manage Landfill

During phase 10, a geosynthetic cap is installed. This cap provides additional

protection against water filtration.

Landfill Manage Landfill

During phase 11, a sand drainage layer is installed. The sand drains rainwater

away from the waste.

Landfill Manage Landfill

During phase 12, a layer of topsoil is added to promote plant growth.

Site Closure Capping

Soil cover (300mm) Liner Top Soil (200-400)mm Drainage System Landfill Gas Wells Clay Layer (1000mm) Grass or Vegitative Cover

Landfill Final cover/ capping

LF cover configuration

Usually composed of several layers, each with specific functions Geomembrane liner as a barrier layer is favored by most LF designers to limit entry of surface water and control the release of LFG Specific cover configuration depend on location of LF and climate conditions E.g. to allow for regrading use of deep layer of soil; for rapid removal of rainfall sloped of about 3-5%

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Landfill Manage Landfill

During phase 13, grass and other short rooted plants are planted. These plants

will prevent erosion of the landfill surface.

Landfill Manage Landfill

Phase 14 is the last phase of landfill construction. During this phase, a

methane recovery building is constructed. This building uses landfill gas released during degradation to generate electricity for the facility.

Environmental Centre Infrastructure Facilities

Environmental Centre Leachate Treatment Plant

Surface water drainage facilities

Important to develop an overall drainage plan for the area that shows location of storm drains, culverts, ditches and subsurface drains as the filling operation proceeds Depending on location and configuration of LF and capacity of natural drainage courses, it may be necessary to install storm water retention basin

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Environmental monitoring facilities

Monitoring facilities are required for new landfills for

Gases and liquids in the vadose zone Groundwater quality both upstream and downstream of landfill sites Air quality at boundary of LF and from any processing facilities (e.g. flares)

Specific number for monitoring stations will depend on the configuration and size of LF and the requirements of the local air and water pollution control agencies

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Typical landfill progression showing internal, interim, and final slopes, and the facility bottom. These types of slopes may also be present at other types of waste containment facilities.

Part Facility bottom

Description The base of a facility that is usually sloping 5% or less so that water, leachate, and other liquids can drain from a facility. The term facility bottom excludes internal slopes or interim slopes. Interfaces on facility bottoms that have grades of 5% or less may be assigned peak shear strength during stability analyses, if appropriate.

Final slopes Slopes that exist when the final grades for a facility have been achieved, including the cover system. Interfaces on final slopes that will never be loaded with more than 1,440 pounds/ft2 may be assigned peak shear strength during stability analyses, if appropriate.

Schematic diagram of sanitary landfill

Closure design

Runoff collection Filling design

Landfill design

Landfill Designs

Drainage design

Foundation design

Liner design

Leachate collection and gas collection

Figure: Schematic of double liner, leachate collection and landfill operations and process (Tchobanoglous et al., 1993).

Layout of landfill sites

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Layout of landfill sites

77

Selection of gas control facilities

New landfills are required to have gas collection and treatment facilities Quantity of LFG must first be estimated before determining the size of gas collection and treatment facilities Several rate should be analyzed as different operating procedures produce different rate of LFG Horizontal or vertical gas recovery well depending on design and capacity of landfill and opportunity to sell power.

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LANDFILL DESIGN
Important calculation Determination of required area Lifespan of the landfill Important criteria Waste composition Waste generation rate Waste density Waste to soil ratio

Cont
To estimate the volume required for a landfill, it is necessary to know the amount of refuse being produce and density of the in-place.

For estimating the annual volume required.

VLF = Where; VLF P E VSW VC C DC

PEC DC

= volume of landfill (m3/years) = population = ratio value of cover (soil) to compacted fill = (VSW + VC)/ VSW = volume of solid waste (m3) = volume of cover (m3) = average mass of solid waste collected per capita per year (kg/ person.year) = density of compacted fill (kg/ m3)

Example 1
Determine the area required for a new landfill site with a projected life of 30 years for a populations of 250, 000 generating 2.02 kg/capita.day of solid waste. The density of compacted waste is 470 kg/m3. The height of the landfill cannot exceed 15 m.

Solutions 1
Known Unknown projected life = 30 years area required =? populations = 250, 000 waste generated = 2.02 kg/capita.day density of compacted waste = 470 kg/m3 height of the landfill 15 m

Solutions 1
VLF = PEC DC

Where; VLF = volume of landfill (m3 / years) P = population E = ratio value of cover (soil) to compacted fill = (VSW + VC)/ VSW VSW = volume of solid waste (m3) VC = volume of cover (m3) C = average mass of solid waste collected per capita per year (kg/ person.year) DC = density of compacted fill (kg/ m3)
Volume of landfill for life span (years)

VLF X ? yrs

Area needed; 15 m height restriction Area, m2 = Volume, m3 Height, m

Solutions 1

Volume of waste (compacted at site) per day produced by community Volume, m3/day = population, cap. X waste generated, kg/cap.d density of compacted waste, kg/m3

Volume of waste for 30 years Volume, m3 = Volume, m3 X life span, years X 365 day day year

Area needed; 15 m height restriction Area, m2 = Volume, m3 Height, m

Example 2
Estimate the area required (ha) in constructing a landfill based on the following data: life span of the landfill = 25 years density of compacted waste = 530 kg/m3 waste generated = 2.5 kg/cap.day average height = 10 m population = 50, 000 cover soil to waste ratio = 1:4 1 ha = 10000 m2

Solutions 2
Known Unknown life span= 25 yrs area required (ha)=? average height = 10 m population = 50, 000 cover soil to waste ratio = 1:4 density of compacted waste = 530 kg/m3 waste generated = 2.5 kg/cap.day *1 ha = 10000 m2

Solutions 2
VLF = PEC DC

Where; VLF = volume of landfill (m3 / years) P = population E = ratio value of cover (soil) to compacted fill = (VSW + VC)/ VSW VSW = volume of solid waste (m3) VC = volume of cover (m3) C = average mass of solid waste collected per capita per year (kg/ person.year) DC = density of compacted fill (kg/ m3)
Volume of landfill for life span (years)

VLF X ? yrs

Area needed; 10 m height restriction Area, m2 = Volume, m3 Height, m

Solutions 2

Volume of waste (compacted at site) per day produced by community Volume, m3/day = population, cap. X waste generated, kg/cap.d density of compacted waste, kg/m3

Volume of waste for 1 year Volume, m3 /yr = Volume, m3 X 365 day day year

Cover soil to waste ratio = 1:4 Volume (cover), m3 /yr = 25% x volume of waste for 1 yr Total volume (cover and waste), m3 /yr = Volume (cover), m3 /yr + Volume (waste), m3 /yr

Area needed; 10 m height restriction Area, m2 = Volume, m3 Height, m

Volume of waste for 25 years Volume, m3 = Volume, m3 X life span, years year

Example 3
A community consist of 15, 000 population generate domestic waste about 2.3 kg/cap.day. Land area provided are 182, 000 m2. The height of the landfill cannot exceed 6 m. The density of compacted waste are 347 kg/m3. Compute the life span of the landfill and allow 25% of the volume for cover material.

Solutions 3
Known
population = 15, 000 waste generate =2.3 kg/cap.day. land area =182, 000 m2 height 6 m density of compacted waste = 347 kg/m3 cover material = 25% of the total volume

Unknown
life span=?

Solutions 3
VLF = PEC DC

Where; VLF = volume of landfill (m3 / years) P = population E = ratio value of cover (soil) to compacted fill = (VSW + VC)/ VSW VSW = volume of solid waste (m3) VC = volume of cover (m3) C = average mass of solid waste collected per capita per year (kg/ person.year) DC = density of compacted fill (kg/ m3)
Volume of landfill for life span (years)

VLF X ? yrs

Area; 6 m height restriction Area, m2 = Volume, m3 /years X ? yrs Height, m

LANDFILL OPERATIONS & MANAGEMENT

Waste dumping process

Waste weighbridge

Waste collection

Waste compaction process

Daily soil cover

Capping/ covering process

Sanitary Landfill Operations

Landfill Compactors

Bulldozers

Tipper TrucksWheel

Tractor-Scrapers

Motor Graders

Backhoe Loaders

Track Loaders Hydraulic Excavators

Standard Landfill Equipment

Covering Operations

soil covering operation begins after or concurrently with tipping and compaction operations.

cover materials helps to protect the full range of environmental management objectives
Covering operation at a landfill site

Types of covering operations in landfills

Daily operations : Carried out after the daily portion of tipping Intermediate operation : Carried out as the landfill progresses helps in reducing leachate . No dump will be raised more than 10 meters. Final covering operation : It is laid when the cell is full and depends on the future purpose of the site. A minimum cover thickness of 60 cm

Final Cover Plan

To provide permanent isolation of the cells from rainwater

by encapsulation

To integrate the site into the environment

To guarantee a long-term future compatible with the

presence of waste

To allow easy management after operation

Finally be covered with a layer of topsoil (30 to 40 cm)

Provides a barrier to the migration of water into the waste, controls emissions to water and atmosphere, promotes sound land management and prevents hazards.

Covering operation at a landfill site

Landfill operation

Factors to be considered:

Stability analyses of the waste body; Waste placement techniques, phasing and supervision; Settlement and other types of deformation, checked by monitoring programmes; Operating facility, buildings and roads; Gas management and monitoring programmes; Surface water and drainage; Leachate management and groundwater control; Environmental concerns, i.e. dust and noise emissions, etc.

REACTIONS OCCURING IN LANDILL

Occurrence of Landfill Leachate and Gases

The following activities occur when solid wastes are

placed in a sanitary landfill:

Biological decay of organic materials (aerobical or anaerobic) Chemical oxidation of waste materials Escape of gases from the fill Movement of liquids caused by differential heads Dissolution and leaching of organic and inorganic materials by water

and leachate moving through the fill;

Movement of dissolved material by concentration gradients and

osmosis, and
Uneven settlement caused by consolidation of material into voids

LEACHATE MANAGEMENT

LANDFILL LEACHATE
Leachate may be defined as liquid that has percolated

through waste and has extracted dissolved or suspended materials from it. Landfill leachate arises from the biochemical and physical breakdown of wastes Leachate composed of liquid produced from the decomposition of the waste and liquid

LEACHATE FORMATION

PERC = P - RO - ET - S + G

LEACHATE PRODUCTION

Typical composition of leachate (new and mature landfills)

Value, mg/Lb __________________________________________ New landfill (less than 2 years) Mature landfill _________________________ (greater than Constituent BOD5 (5-day biochemical oxygen demand) TOC (total organic carbon) COD (chemical oxygen demand) Total suspended solids Organic nitrogen Ammonia nitrogen Nitrate Total phosphorus Ortho phosphorus Alkalinity as CaCO3 pH Total hardness as CaCO3 Calcium Magnesium Potassium Sodium Chloride Sulphate Total Iron Rangec 2,000-30,000 1,500-20,000 3,000-60,000 200-2,000 10-800 10-800 5-40 5-100 4-80 1,000-10,000 4.5-7.5 300-10,000 200-3,000 50-1,500 200-1,000 200-2,500 200-3,000 50-1,000 50-1,200 Typicald 10 years) 10,000 6,000 18,000 500 200 200 25 30 20 3,000 6 3,500 1,000 250 300 500 500 300 60 100-200 80-160 100-500 100-400 80-120 20-40 5-10 5-10 4-8 200-1,000 6.6-7.5 200-500 100-400 50-200 50-400 100-200 100-400 20-50 20-200

 Leachate has entered the landfill from external sources, such as:
Surface drainage Rainfall Groundwater Water from underground springs.

LEACHATE COLLECTION
A. Ground Water B. Compacted Clay C. Geomembrane D. Leachate Collection Pipe E. Protection Layer F. Gravel G. Drainage Layer H. Soil Layer I. Old Cells J. New Cells F. Leachate Ponds

Leachate Management Options?

RECYCLING

DISCHARGE

EVAPORATION

TREATMENT

LEACHATE RECYCLING
An effective method for the treatment of leachate is to

collect and recirculate the leachate through landfill,

During early stages of landfill operation, the leachate will

contain significant amounts of TDS, BOD, COD, nutrients and heavy metals. attenuated by biological activity and other chemical and physical reactions occurring within the landfill. recirculation

When leachate recirculated, the constituents are

Typically, the rate of gas production is greater in leachate

Leachate recirculation system

2. Recirculation Through Landfill The biochemical activity of the waste has not been exhausted, potentially offers advantages both in reducing the volume of liquid by evaporation and reducing its strength Recirculation will be most effective in summer months or in warm climates when ambient temperatures and the consequent losses by evaporation will be high and leachate production at a minimum.

LEACHATE RECYCLING CNTD

Pros

Cons

Enhances landfill stabilisation Increase rate of groundwater because rate of landfill gas pollution if used in a landfill with production is increased due to single-composite-lining. increase waste moisture content. Reduce volume of municipal solid Increases toxicity of leachate by waste leachates. concentrating it.

LF LEACHATE TREAMENT

Treatment Option Biological Activated Sludge

LECHATE TREATMENT
Removal jective BOD/COD ObComments Best used on "young" leachate Flexible, shock resistant, proven, minimum SRT increases with increasing organic strength, > 90% BOD removal possible Good application to small flows, > 90% BOD removal possible Aerobic polishing necessary to achieve high quality effluent > 95 % COD removal, > 99 % BOD removal

Aerated Lagoons Anaerobic Powdered Activated Carbon/Act. Sludge Physical/Chemical Coagulation/Precipitation Heavy Metals

Useful as polishing step or for treatment of "old" leachate High removal of Fe, Zn; moderate removal of Cr, Cu, Mn; little removal of Cd, Pb, Ni

Chemical Oxidation
Ion Exchange Adsorption Reverse Osmosis

COD
COD BOD/COD TDS

Raw leachate treatment requires high chemical dosages, better used as polishing step
10-70% COD removal, slight metal removal 30-70% COD removal after biological or chemical treatment 90-96 % TDS removal

ON SITE TREATMENT
Minimize the contaminants in the leachate

Reduce high concentrations of COD & BOD

Removal of 90% COD and ammonia (10-50 days) Methods:

Aerobic treatment (aerated lagoon)

Polishing treatment (reed bed) Wetland system Spray irrigation (evaporation)

AERATED LAGOON

AERATED LAGOON
Shallow ponds (<1m deep)

Light penetrates to bottom

Active algal photosynthesis Organic matter converted to CO, NO, HSO

WETLAND SYSTEM

WETLAND SYSTEM
Use wetland plants to treat leachate(e.g: cat tail)
Requires enough ground area for construction Leachate is treated by filtration, adsorption, and

reactions with the soil, roots, and bacteria in the root system

 Used the energy from combustion of landfill gases

EVAPORATION

Contaminants in the raw leachate were concentrated to

a small volume. Exhaust air from the evaporator was used to preheat the leachate and released to the atmosphere.

REED BED

a channel filled with gravel, sand or soil planted with macrophytes i.e. reeds

POLISHING

 Effluent present in a contaminated landfill site for

waste disposal is known as leachate. Landfill leachate have made a serious pollution threat to the water environment. reed bed systems provide reliable treatment with lower energy requirement and operation cost.

Reed bed for leachate treatment

ADVANTAGES
On-site treatment is the best alternative: Lowest cost Prevents public disturbances Accommodate the changes in leachate quality and quantity Potential for fertilizer production New habitat for wildlife

LANDFILL GAS MANAGEMENT

LANDFILL GAS (LFG)

Definition:
A product of the degradation of biodegradable waste (any organic matter that can be broken down by microorganisms such as paper, wood or food stuffs).

Landfill gas formation

Typical constituents found in MSW landfill gasa

% (dry volume basis)b 45 60 40 60 25 0.1 1.0 0 1.0 0.1 1.0 0 0.2 0 0.2 0.01 0.6 Value 100 120 1.02 1.06 Saturated 400 - 550

Component Methane Carbon dioxide Nitrogen Oxygen Sulphides, disulphides, mercaptans, etc. Ammonia Hydrogen Carbon monoxide Trace constituents Characteristic Temperature, 0F Specific gravity Moisture content High heating value, Btu/sft3

LANDFILL GAS (LFG)

The evolution rate and quantity of landfill gas dependent on a number of factors:

Waste input rate Ambient pH Ambient temperature Waste density (closely or loosely packed) The specific site management strategy/strategies

LANDFILL GAS CONTROL MEASURES

The common landfill gas control technologies include:
Means to collect gases ii. Control and treat gases iii. Use gases to benefits the community (eg., to generate electricity or heat building)
i.

LANDFILL GAS collection

LFG collection is divided into two (2) systems:
1.

2.

Passive Gas Collection System Active Gas Collection System

Passive Gas Collection System

Active Gas Collection System

Passive Venting
Passive venting may be

carrier out successfully gas wells of the type shown in figure 2 They are normally constructed from high density polyethylene or polypropylene pipe up to 225mm in diameter, surrounded by no-fines crushed aggregate

Figure 2: Passive Venting System

Active Venting

This system should be considered for all deep landfill sites The pumped wells will need to spaced at maximum of 50 meter intervals around the site perimeter and closer in high risk areas An inner ring may be necessary in order to maintain a negative pressure gradient operating to the site boundary Over pumping this excess air is not drown into the system.

LANDFILL GAS CONTROL

ODOR CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES: ~ Prevent odor-causing gases from leaving the landfill 1. Landfill Cover ~ prevent odors from newly deposited waste or from gases produced during bacterial decomposition. 2. Flaring ~ eliminate landfill gas odors by thermally destroying the odor-causing gases. 3. Venting Landfill Gas through a Filter ~ reduce odors by using a filter of bacterial slime.

1. Gas Production The rates at which gas will be produced depend upon the physical, chemical and microbiological characteristics of the landfill For proposed and existing sites, the need for the installation of gas control system, with monitoring points, should be evaluated following a detailed assessment of the site and the surrounding area Completed sites should be monitored to establish the composition of the gas, its rate of production, migration routes and the extent of any potential hazard

2. Gas Movement and Migration The extent of gas movement within and beyond the site boundaries will be determined by the size of this force and the permeability of the waste and strata Movement of gas from the site will be influenced, to a certain extent, by: changes in barometric pressure changes in leachate level changes in water table levels

3. Gas Monitoring

Surface monitoring

Using portable instruments to assist in determining the presence of gas escape but using has chromatography to confirm the source of the gas. The use probes driven into waste or strata provides point source monitoring of the gas concentration source monitoring of the gas concentration in a local environment around the probe

4. Landfill Gas Control Measures

The flammable range for methane is approximately 5 to 15% by volume in air and that for hydrogen approximately 4-74%. The presence of carbon dioxide (density 1.5) increases the density of landfill gas over and above that of methane and, consequently, it may be either lighter or heavier than air As a result, stratification may enable flammable volumes of gas to collect and remain in buildings, structures, pipe works or areas which were thought previously to be free from flammable gas concentrations.

5. Gas Utilization
Exploitation of the energy available in landfill gas should always be considered because, with careful design, even small site can provide sufficient energy to warrant a survey of possible nearby users In order to justify gas exploitation schemes, an indication or forecast of the rate of gas generation must be obtained

 The landfill gas exploitation may classified as either: Direct use of gas, or Conversion to electricity Direct use of gas

Include brick-klin firing, boiler firing and cementklin firing It is also technically feasible to clean-up the gas ( ie. remove the carbon dioxide and other gases) and compress the remaining methane which can be put into cylinders and sold, used as a vehicle fuel or put into natural gas systems.

LANDFILL GAS UTILIZATION

Conversion to electricity Spark ignition and diesel engineers can both be converted to operate on landfill gas Small sites, with less than 1 million tonnes waste in place are often considered to be below the threshold of exploitation viability but many in the UK are being investigated to assess these as well as larger sites in order to provide an estimate of national landfill gas resource.

WHERE THE ODOR COME FROM?

From landfill gas and leachate. Landfill gas (LFG)

produces from organic material that decomposed anaerobically. Made up primarily of methane and carbon dioxide LFG can also transport landfill odors offsite if vented to the atmosphere. Other odors in landfill gas : Hydrogen Sulfide largely formed if construction and demolition debris contain large quantities of wallboard ( drywall/ gypsum board). Hydrogen sulfide has the foul smell of rotten eggs. Ammonia has a strong pungent odor. Humans can detect hydrogen sulfide and ammonia odors at very low levels in air, generally below levels that would cause health effects.

HOW THE ODOR GENERATE FROM LANDFILL?

LANDFILL GAS
Gases released from municipal waste landfills have the

potential to cause odors in neighborhoods surrounding the landfill. The household and commercial wastes brought to landfills decompose over time largely through the action of bacteria. Methane and carbon dioxide: 90 to 98% of landfill gas. The remaining 2 to 10% : nitrogen, oxygen, ammonia, sulfides, hydrogen and various other gases.

 This process produces odorous gases, the amount

formed depends upon a variety of factors: 1. Nature and moisture content of the waste. 2. Amount of oxygen present. 3. Temperature inside the landfill. 4. Type of waste present in the landfill. 5. The age of the landfill. For example, gas production will increase if the temperature or moisture content increases. The amount of gases emitted will vary due to changing weather, changing landfill content. Morning winds tend to be most gentle, providing the least dilution of the gas The worst odor release

Causes of odors at landfills

Landfill odors are caused by landfill gas, trash at the

working face and leachate.

Landfill gas (LFG)- produces from organic material that

decomposed anaerobically.

Made up primarily of methane and carbon dioxide that contain small amount of odorous compounds that human nose can perceive at low levels. LFG can also transport landfill odors offsite if vented to the atmosphere.

Factors influencing odor strength

1) Type of waste
2) Volume of potentially odorous material 3) Time required to unload and cover

4) Meteorological and topographic conditions

5) Size of working face 6) Time of day

EFFECT OF THE ODOR

Health effects or symptoms from exposure to odors

can usually be traced to three causes:

The sensation of the odor The odorant itself. The health effects or symptoms vary depending upon

the frequency, concentration, and duration of the odor.

Can the presence of odors trigger symptoms?

People in communities near landfills are often

concerned about odors emitted from landfills. They say that these odors are a source of undesirable health effects or symptoms, such as headaches and nausea. At low-level concentrationstypically associated with landfill gasit is unclear whether it is the constituent itself or its odors that trigger a response.

ODOR CONTROL SYSTEM

ELIMINATE THE GENERATION OF ODOR o Stop accepting waste that cause odors o Example: Paper mill sludge, animal waste

COVER THE WASTE TO REDUCE ODOR o Cover waste with more dirt o Cover with compost waste can reduce odor capability o Provide good cover materials (soil)- can filter odor, control gas and reduced water infiltration.
o Cover mainhole and leachate cleanout riser

 COLLECT LANDFILL GAS

o Properly size your LFG collection system

Example: blower, headers, flares o Install LFG collector in timely manner o Make sure that install enough collector in landfills
o

MASKING WASTE
Masking type

Neutralizing agent Pleasant smelling agent

Other Controlling and Preventing odor at landfills

o Close attention to known problem areas, including the ends o

o o o

of leachate pipes, cleanouts and manholes. Making sure there are air- tight seals around all gas control equipment to keep air out and gas in, direct the gas to the control device and maintain a safe area. Ongoing operation, monitoring and maintenance by a trained gas technician. Improve stormwater management- water increase the production of landfill gas. Use odor-neutralizing chemicals- chemical that contains ore than 99% water and a trace of soap.

CLOSURE & POSTCLOSURE

Landfill closure and post closure care

1. Development of long-term closure plan
i.

Cover and landscape design

Cover must be design to divert surface runoff and snowmelt from LF site and to support the landscaping design selected for the LF Landscaping design is based on local plant and grass species

ii.

Control of LFG
Major concern for long-term maintenance of LF Installation of gas control system in most modern LF, but older completed LF are retrofitted with gas collection system along with remedial actions

iii.

Collection and treatment of leachate

Another major concern for long-term maintenance of LF Modern LF have some sort of leachate control system but older ones are retrofitted

iv.

Environmental monitoring systems

Monitoring facilities must be installed for long-term environmental monitoring Monitoring requirements: vandose zone for gas and liquids, groundwater and air quality

170

Landfill closure and post closure care

2. Post-closure care
i.

Routine inspection
Routine inspection program must be established to monitor continually the condition of completed LF Criteria must be established when a corrective action(s) must be taken E.g. How much settlement will be allowed before regrading must be undertaken?

ii.

Infrastructure maintenance
Typically involve continued maintenance of surface water diversion facilities, landfill surface grades, condition of liners, revegetation and LFG and leachate collection equipment Amount of equipment must be available at site will depend on the extent and capacity of the LF and the nature of facilities to be maintained

iii.

Environmental monitoring systems

To ensure no release of contaminants from LF that may affect health or surrounding environments Number of samples and frequency will depend on regulations of local air and water pollution control agencies (DOE)
171

POST-CLOSURE LANDFILL PLAN

Green Areas At the Sanitary Landfill, turning the area into a green area or a park is one of the best options selection of the trees will have to be done carefully so as not to perforate the watertight coverings
shows Glovers Landfill

 Recreation

Landfills have also been converted into golf courses, play fields, playgrounds, flower gardens and parks. Small light structured buildings, such as car parks.
Butterworth landfill

Agriculture depends largely on the stabilization of the landfill and the proper coverage and capping of the landfill. Growing grass as feed for cattle and other pastoral animals with a very thick final cover to prevent roots perforate the lining of the landfill and absorbed

Gardner Street Landfill in the West Roxbury

 Housing

Light structured buildings have been constructed in many of the landfills in the country. It possible soil movements and settlements, so takes a very long time as the landfill has to be stabilized first.
Head start school at MSW ash landfill in Florida

CONCLUSION
Landfills have served for many decades as ultimate disposal sites for all manner of wastes: residential, commercial, and industrial, both innocuous and hazardous. However, it is essential to have a properly designed landfill to avoid unnecessary problem even though their preparation is a difficult and uncertain process

THANK YOU