ExpDes-1

Randomized Block Designs:

RBD and RCBD (15.2, 15.5)
Randomized block designs:
Randomized Complete Block Design
Randomized Block Design
ExpDes-2
Randomization in Blocked Designs
For all one blocking classification designs:
Randomization of treatments to experimental units takes place
within each block.
A separate randomization is required for each block.
The design is said to have one restriction on randomization.
A completely randomized design requires only one randomization.


Note: The randomized block design generalizes the paired t-test to
the AOV setting.
ExpDes-3
Analysis of a RBD
Traditional analysis approach is via the linear (regression on indicator
variables) model and AOV.
A RBD can occur in a number of situations:
1. A randomized block design with each treatment replicated once
in each block (balanced and complete). This is a randomized
complete block design (RCBD).
2. A randomized block design with each treatment replicated once
in a block but with one block/treatment combination missing.
(incomplete).
3. A randomized block design with each treatment replicated two or
more times in each block (balanced and complete, with
replication in each block).
We will concentrate on 1 and discuss the others.
ExpDes-4
Single Replicate RCBD
Design: Complete (every treatment occurs in every block) block
layout with each treatment replicated once in each block
(balanced).
Data:
Block
Treatment 1 2 3 ... b
1 y
11
y
12
y
13
...

y
1b
2 y
21
y
22
y
23
...

y
2b
... ... ... ... ... ...
t y
t1
y
t2
y
t3
...

y
tb
ExpDes-5
RCBD Soils Example
Design: Complete block layout with each treatment (Solvent)
replicated once in each block (Soil type).
Data:
Block
Treatment Troop Lakeland Leon Chipley Norfolk
CaCl2 5.07 3.31

2.54

2.34

4.71
NH4OAc 4.43

2.74

2.09

2.07

5.29

Ca(H2PO4)2 7.09 2.32 1.09 4.38 5.70
Water 4.48

2.35

2.70

3.85

4.98
ExpDes-6
Minitab
Note: Data must be stacked.
From here on out, all statistics
packages will require the data to
be in a stacked structure. There
is no common unstacked format
for experimental designs beyond
the CRD.
ExpDes-7
Linear Model: A Two-Factor (Two-Way) AOV
ij j i ij
y c | o + + + =
b j
t i

1
1
=
=
ij j i ij
y E | o = + + = ) (
Block
Treatment 1 2 3 ... b mean
1
11

12

13
...

1b
+ o
1
2
21

22

23
...

2b
+ o
2
... ... ... ... ... ...
t
t1

t2

t3
...

tb
+ o
t

mean + |
1
+ |
2
+ |
3
+ |
b

=
=
i
i
i
i
0
0
|
o
constraints
treatment i effect
w.r.t. grand mean
block j effect w.r.t.
grand mean
ExpDes-8
Model Effects
ij j i ij
y c | o + + + =
H
0
B
: No block effects: |
1
=|
2
=|
3
=...=|
b
= 0
H
0
T
: No treatment effects: o
1
=o
2
=o
3
=...=o
t
= 0
SAS approach: Test with a multiple regression model with
appropriate dummy variables and the F drop tests.
2 1 2 1 2 1
) ( ) ( ) ( o o o o = + + =
- -
y y E
Linear model
Treatment effects are filtered out from block effects (show on board)
ExpDes-9
RCBD AOV
Source SS df MS F
Treatments SST t-1 MST=SST/(t-1) MST/MSE
Blocks SSB b-1 MSB=SSB/(b-1) MSB/MSE
Error SSE (b-1)(t-1) MSE=SSE/(b-1)(t-1)
Totals TSS bt-1
Partitioning of the total sums of squares (TSS)
TSS = SST + SSB + SSE
df
Total
= df
Treatment
+ df
Block
+ df
Error
Regression Sums of Squares
Usually not of interest!
Assessed only to
determine if blocking was
successful in reducing
the variability in the
experimental units. This
is how/why blocking
reduces MSE!
ExpDes-10
Sums of Squares - RCBD
TSS y y
SST b y y
SSB t y y
SSE y y y y
ij
j
b
i
t
i
i
t
j
j
b
ij i j
j
b
i
t
=
=
=
=
--
= =
- --
=
- --
=
- - --
= =

( )
( )
( )
( )
2
1 1
2
1
2
1
2
1 1
SSB SST TSS SSE
bt
y
t
y
SSB
bt
y
b
y
SST
bt
y
y TSS
b
j
j
t
i
i
t
i
b
j
ij
=
=
=
=
- -
=
-
- -
=
-
= =
- -

1
2
1
2
1 1
2
2
2
2
) (
) (
) (
c
c
c
o
u o
u o
=
+ =
+ =
MSE E
t MSB E
b MST E
B
T
Expectation under H
a
T

Expectation under H
a
B

1
2

t
i
i
T
o
u
1
2

b
j
j
B
|
u
Expectation of MST and
MSB under respective
null hypotheses is same
as E(MSE)
ExpDes-11
Soils Example in MTB
Must check Fit
additive model
(no interaction).
Stat -> ANOVA
-> Two-Way
ExpDes-12
Soils in MTB: Output
Two-way Analysis of Variance


Analysis of Variance for Sulfur
Source DF SS MS F P
Soil 4 33.965 8.491 10.57 0.001
Solution 3 1.621 0.540 0.67 0.585
Error 12 9.642 0.803
Total 19 45.228

Individual 95% CI
Soil Mean ---+---------+---------+---------+--------
Chipley 3.16 (-----*------)
Lakeland 2.68 (------*-----)
Leon 2.10 (-----*------)
Norfolk 5.17 (-----*------)
Troop 5.27 (-----*------)
---+---------+---------+---------+--------
1.50 3.00 4.50 6.00

Individual 95% CI
Solution Mean -----+---------+---------+---------+------
Ca(H2PO4 4.12 (------------*-----------)
CaCl 3.59 (-----------*------------)
NH4OAc 3.32 (-----------*------------)
Water 3.67 (-----------*------------)
-----+---------+---------+---------+------
2.80 3.50 4.20 4.90

Note:
You must know which
factor is the block, the
computer doesnt know
or care. It simply does
sums of squares
computations.
Conclusion:
Block effect is
significant.
Treatment effect is
not statistically
significant at
a=0.05.
ExpDes-13
Soils in SAS
data soils;
input Soil $ Solution $ Sulfur;
datalines;
Troop CaCl 5.07
Troop NH4OAc 4.43
Troop Ca(H2PO4)2 7.09
Troop Water 4.48
Lakeland CaCl 3.31
Lakeland NH4OAc 2.74
Lakeland Ca(H2PO4)2 2.32
Lakeland Water 2.35
Leon CaCl 2.54
Leon NH4OAc 2.09
Leon Ca(H2PO4)2 1.09
Leon Water 2.70
Chipley CaCl 2.34
Chipley NH4OAc 2.07
Chipley Ca(H2PO4)2 4.38
Chipley Water 3.85
Norfolk CaCl 4.71
Norfolk NH4OAc 5.29
Norfolk Ca(H2PO4)2 5.70
Norfolk Water 4.98
;
proc glm data=soils;
class soil solution;
model sulfur = soil solution ;
title 'RCBD for Sulfur extraction across
different Florida Soils';
run;
ExpDes-14
RCBD for Sulfur extraction across different Florida Soils

The GLM Procedure
Dependent Variable: Sulfur

Sum of
Source DF Squares Mean Square F Value Pr > F
Model 7 35.58609500 5.08372786 6.33 0.0028
Error 12 9.64156000 0.80346333
Corrected Total 19 45.22765500

R-Square Coeff Var Root MSE Sulfur Mean
0.786822 24.38083 0.896361 3.676500


Source DF Type I SS Mean Square F Value Pr > F
Soil 4 33.96488000 8.49122000 10.57 0.0007
Solution 3 1.62121500 0.54040500 0.67 0.5851

Source DF Type III SS Mean Square F Value Pr > F

Soil 4 33.96488000 8.49122000 10.57 0.0007
Solution 3 1.62121500 0.54040500 0.67 0.5851
SAS Output: Soils
ExpDes-15
SPSS Soil
Once the data is input use the following commands:
Analyze > General Linear Model > Univariate >
Sulfur is the response (dependent variable)
Both Solution and Soil are factors. Solution
would always be a fixed effect. In some
scenarios Soil might be a Random factor
(see the Mixed model chapter)
We do a custom model because we only can
estimate the main effects of this model and
SPSS by default will attempt to estimate the
interaction terms.
ExpDes-16
SPSS Soils Output
ExpDes-17
Soils RCBD in R
> sulf <-
c(5.07,4.43,7.09,4.48,3.31,2.74,2.32,2.35,2.54,2.09,1.09,2.70,2.34,
2.07,4.38,3.85,4.71,5.29,5.70,4.98)
> chem <- factor(rep(c("cac","nh4","ca2","h2o"),5))
> soil <-
factor(c(rep("Troop",4),rep("Lake",4),rep("Leon",4),rep("Chip",4),rep
("Norf",4)))
> rcbd.fit = aov(sulf~soil+chem)
> # anova table
> anova(rcbd.fit)
Analysis of Variance Table

Response: sulf
Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
soil 4 33.965 8.491 10.5683 0.0006629 ***
chem 3 1.621 0.540 0.6726 0.5851298
Residuals 12 9.642 0.803

ExpDes-18
Profile plot: Soils
>
interaction.plot(chem,soil,sulf)
ExpDes-19
Nonparametric Analysis of RCBD: Friedmans Test
The RCBD, as in CRD, requires the usual AOV assumptions for the
residuals:
Independence;
Homoscedasticity;
Normality.

When the normality assumption fails, and transformations dont seem
to help, Friedmans Test is a nonparametric alternative for the RCBD,
just as Kruskal-Wallis was for the CRD. For example: ratings by a
panel of judges (ordinal data).

The procedure is based on ranks (see 15.5 in book), and leads to
calculation of FR statistic.

For large samples, we reject H
0
of equal population medians when:
2
1 ,
>
t
FR
o
_
ExpDes-20
Diagnostics: Soils
> par(mfrow=c(2,2))
> plot(rcbd.fit)
ExpDes-21
Friedmans Test: Soils
> friedman.test(sulf, groups=chem, blocks=soil)

Friedman rank sum test

data: sulf, chem and soil
Friedman chi-squared = 1.08, df = 3, p-value = 0.7819


Check group and block means:

> tapply(sulf,chem,mean)
ca2 cac h2o nh4
4.116 3.594 3.672 3.324

> tapply(sulf,soil,mean)
Chip Lake Leon Norf Troop
3.1600 2.6800 2.1050 5.1700 5.2675