CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

BY: NICOLE FRANCES VILLAVICENCIO 1-MSCM July 2013

HAVE YOU EVER BEEN IN LOVE?

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The cardiovascular system

A circulatory system consists of a pump (the heart), a fluid (the blood) and a series of blood vessels (the vascular system). All together those elements form the cardiovascular system.

Functions of the Cardiovascular System

1. eeps o!ygen poor blood separate from o!ygen rich blood ". eeps the blood flo#ing in one direction $. Creates blood pressure

%. &egulates blood supply

Anatomy of the 'eart

Cone(shaped muscular organ about the si)e of a fist *n the thoracic cavity bet#een the lungs #ithin mediastinum on slant

The 'eart+
Wall and Coverings
'eart coverings
Pericardium
Covers the heart and large blood vessels attached to the heart Visceral pericardium
*nnermost layer ,irectly on the heart

'eart #alls+
.picardium
/utermost layer Fat to cushion heart

0yocardium
0iddle layer 1rimarily cardiac muscle

Parietal pericardium
-ayer on top of the visceral pericardium

.ndocardium
*nnermost layer Thin and smooth Stretches as the heart pumps

1ericardium

'eart 2all

The 'eart

Four chambers T#o atria

3pper chambers -eft and right Separated by interatrial septum

T#o ventricles
-o#er chambers -eft and right Separated by interventricular septum

Atrioventricular septum separates the atria from the ventricles

'eart

Septum, or #all, separates the right side form the left side preventing mi!ing of o!ygen(rich blood and o!ygen(poor blood Flaps of connective tissue called valves divide each side into " chambers+ totaling % chambers

left atrium right atrium

left ventricle septum

right ventricle

 Allo# blood to flo# in only one direction Four valves

Atrioventricular valves 5 bet#een atria and ventricles
6icuspid valve (left) Tricuspid valve (right)

The 'eart+ 4alves

Semilunar valves bet#een ventricle and artery

1ulmonary semilunar valve Aortic semilunar valve

The 'eart+ 4alves

Tricuspid valve 5 prevents blood from flo#ing bac7 into the right atrium #hen the right ventricle contracts Bicuspid/ Mitral valve 5 prevents blood from flo#ing bac7 into the left atrium #hen the left ventricle contracts Pulmonary valve 5 prevents blood from flo#ing bac7 into the right ventricle Aortic valve 5 prevents blood from flo#ing bac7 into the left ventricle

The 'eart+ 4alves

4alves open as blood is pumped through 'eld in place by chordae tendineae (8heart strings9) Close to prevent bac7flo#

/peration of 'eart 4alves

What are the functions of Blood Vessels? Transport blood and its contents

Carry out e!change of gases

&egulate blood pressure

,irect blood flo#

6lood vessels
Arteries 6lood pressure in arteries and arterioles carries blood a#ay from the heart.

6lood 4essels+
Arteries and Arterioles Strongest of the blood vessels Arterioles Carry blood a#ay from the heart
Small branches of arteries

Aorta
Ta7es blood from the heart to the body

Coronary arteries
Supply blood to heart muscle

Three layers (tunics)

Tunic interna .ndothelium Tunic media Smooth muscle Controlled by sympathetic nervous system Tunic e!terna 0ostly fibrous connective tissue

6lood vessels
Veins S7eletal muscle contractions returns blood in veins and venules to the heart.

6lood 4essels+ Veins and Venules

6lood under no pressure in veins
,oes not move very easily S7eletal muscle contractions help move blood Sympathetic nervous system also influences pressure

4alves prevent bac7flo# 4enules

Small vessels formed #hen capillaries merge

Superior and inferior vena cava

-argest veins Carry blood into right atrium

6lood 1ressure
Force blood e!erts on the inner #alls of blood vessels
'ighest in arteries -o#est in veins

Systolic pressure
4entricles contract 6lood pressure is at its greatest in the arteries

,iastolic pressure
4entricles rela! 6lood pressure in arteries is at its lo#est

&eported as the systolic number over the diastolic number

23

6lood vessels
Capillaries Thin(#alled capillaries permit e!change of materials and gas #ith the tissues.

6lood 4essels+ Capillaries

6ranches of arterioles Smallest type of blood vessel Connect arterioles to venules /nly about one cell layer thic7 /!ygen and nutrients can pass out of a capillary into a body cell Carbon dio!ide and other #aste products pass out of a body cell into a capillary

0ovement of 6lood Through 4essels

0ost arterial blood is pumped by the heart 4eins use the mil7ing action of muscles to help move blood

Capillary 6eds
Capillary beds consist of t#o types of vessels
4ascular shunt 5 directly connects an arteriole to a venule

Figure 11.1:

Slide 11.28a

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Artery;4ein differences
Arteries (aa.) Direction of Blood Away from Heart flow Higher Pressure Walls THICKER: Tunica media thicker than tunica externa Smaller No valves Veins (vv.) Blood to Heart Lower THINNER: Tunica externa thicker than tunica media Larger Valves

Lumen Valves

The circulatory system

All vertebrates have a closed circulatory system #here blood is transported in vessels, separate from the interstitial fluid. *n an open circulatory system (as in arthropods) fluids return to the heart through ostia or open vessels.

Single(loop circulation
Fish have a single(loop circulatory path#ay+ the heart has a single atrium and a single ventricle.

T#o(circuits circulation
Amphibians and most reptiles have a t#o(circuits circulatory path#ay, #ith the heart divided into t#o atria and one ventricle.

T#o(circuits circulation
Birds and mammals have a t#o(circuits circulatory path#ay #ith the heart divided into t#o atria and t#o ventricles.

T#o circulatory paths

Systemic
Pulmonary

1ulmonary and systemic circuits

Cardiovascular systems includes t#o circuits.

<Pulmonary circuit+ pulmonary arteries ta7e /"(poor <Systemic circuit+ left ventricles send /"(rich blood

blood to lungs #hile pulmonary veins return /"(rich blood to the heart. to aorta= vena cava ta7es /"(poor blood bac7 to the right atrium.

1ulmonary and systemic circuits

27-36

Circulation
1ulmonary circuit
right atrium right ventricle pulmonary artery trun7 pulmonary arteries lungs pulmonary veins heart (left atrium)

Systemic circuit
left atrium left ventricle aorta arteries arterioles capillaries venules veins vena cava heart (right atrium)
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Circulation
Arterial system
Carry o!ygen(rich blood a#ay from the heart 1ulmonary arteries carry o!ygen(poor blood 1aired 5 left and right artery of the same name

Circulation
4enous system
Carries o!ygen(poor blood to#ard the heart
.!cept pulmonary veins

0ost large veins have the same names as the arteries they are ne!t to Hepatic portal system

Collection of veins carrying blood to the liver

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