Professional Documents
Culture Documents
HPI
Hematemesis (coffee grounds vs. bright red) Hematochezia Melena - dark, tarry stool Pain symptoms
PMHx
ulcer disease, joints, skin
Social Hx
EtOH
Medications
NSAIDs, steroids, ASA, Plavix, Coumadin, Lovenox, Heparin, Iron
HR, BP, tilt test, RR, O2 saturation General appearance, Mental status Neck veins, oral mucosa Skin temperature and color Abdominal exam Rectal Stigma of Cirrhosis NG Tube findings (upper vs. lower g.i. source) Urine output
Labs
CBC
Serial HgB Platelets
BMP
BUN, Cr
Type and Crossmatch Coagulation studies Stool WBCs to eval for infectious etiol Imaging studies?
Upper GI Tract
Proximal to the Ligament of Treitz 70% of GI Bleeds
Lower GI Tract
Distal to the Ligament of Treitz 30% of GI Bleeds
Risk Factors
NSAID use H. pylori infection Increased age
Esophageal Tumor
Gastric Carcinoma
Acute LGIB: <3d Chronic LGIB: > several days Hematochezia Blood in Toilet Clear NGT aspirate Normal Renal Function Usually Hemodynamically stable
<200ml : no effect on HR** >800ml: SBP drops by 10mmHg, Hr increases by 10 >1500ml: possible shock OR 10% Hct: tachycardia* 20% Hct: orthostatic hypotension 30% Hct: shock
Etiology of hematochezia
Diverticular-17-40% Angiodysplasia-9-21% Colitis (ischemic, infectious, chronic IBD, radiation injury)-2-30% Neoplasia, post-polypectomy-2-26% Anorectal Disease (including rectal varices)-4-10% Upper GI Bleed-0-11% Small Bowel Bleed-2-9%
Colon Carcinoma
Isotonic saline for volume resuscitation Start transfusing blood products if the patient remains unstable despite fluid boluses.
Airway Protection
Altered Mental Status and increased risk of aspiration with massive upper GI bleed.
Transfusion
Brisk Bleed, transfusing should be based on hemodynamic status, not lab value of Hgb. Cardiopulmonary symptoms-cardiac ischemia or shortness of breath, decreased pulse ox 1 unit PRBC increases Hgb by 1mg/dL and increase Hct by 3% FFP for INR greater than 1.5 Platelets for platelet count less than 50K
Admit to ICU/intermediate care/telemetry s/o Dx: Upper/Lower G.I. Bleed Condition: VS: Allergies: Activity: Bedrest Nursing: Is/Os, ? Foley Diet: NPO
IVF: NSS @ ?cc/h Medications: I.V. Protonix, convert medications to i.v., hold antihypertensives Labs: serial H/H, type and cross, coags, Chem 7, LFTs Consults: GI, +/- Surgery
Greater than 40
Work Up
EGD, Colonoscopy both neg Repeat
CE, PE or DE,
angiography
PillCam SB 11 mm x 26 mm 1 camera 2 frames per second Std optics / 1 lens Standard lighting control
PillCam SB 2 11 mm x 26 mm 1 camera 2 frames per second New optics / 3 lenses Advanced Automatic Light Control
Bleeding
Suspected Crohns
Tumors
Celiac Disease
Harrisons Principles of Internal Medicine 14th edition Gastrointestinal Atlas.com endoscopy photos Pocket Medicine, 3rd edition Barnet J and H Messmann H. Diagnosis and management of lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 6, 637-646 (2009). Gerson LB. Recurrent Gastrointestinal Bleeding After Negative Upper Endoscopy and Colonoscopy. Clin Gastroenterol & Hepatol 2009;7:828-833. Melmed GY and Simon KL. Capsule Endoscopy: Practical Applications. Clin Gastrolenterol & Hepatology 2005;3:411-422. AGA Institute. AGA Institute Medical Position Statement on Obscure Gastrointestinal Bleeding. Gastroenterology 2007;133:1694-1696.
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