1

Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning

Civil Engineering Department
Petra Christian University
2
GENERAL
TORSIONAL STRESS IN HOMOGENEOUS SECTION
TORSIONAL STIFFNESS IN HOMOGENEOUS SECTION
EFFECTS OF TORSIONAL STIFFNESS
STRENGTH OF PLAIN CONCRETE IN TORSION
STRENGTH OF REINFORCED CONCRETE IN TORSION
STRENGTH OF SECTION IN COMBINED SHEAR & TORSION
DESIGN FLOWCHART
3
Torsion on structural systems may be classified into :
1. STATICALLY DETERMINATE TORSION ( = Equilibrium Torsion)
2. STATICALLY INDETERMINATE TORSION ( = Compatibility Torsion)
Statically Determinate Torsion
P
P
P
A
P
Statically Indeterminate Torsion
4
P
A
P
B
By changing the rigid connection
at point B into a simply supported
end, this system would become
a statically determinate structure.
By changing the fixed end at point A
into a free end, this system would
be a statically determinate structure.
5
CIRCULAR SECTIONS
h/2
dV = v dA
* A plane transverse section before twisting remains plane after twisting.
* Consequently, the resultant shear stress v at any point is proportional to
its distance from the center and is in a direction perpendicular to the radius.
2 v
t

h
T = } r v dA = } r r dA = } r
2
dA = v
t

A A
2 v
t

h
A
2 C
h
In which C, the polar moment of inertia, is :
C = } r
2
dA = } r
2
2t r dr = =
A 0
h/2
2t r
4

4
0
h/2
t h
4

32
The torsional shear stress v
t
becomes :
v
t
=
16 T
t h
3

6
RECTANGULAR SECTIONS
X
Y
X
2
X
2

Y
2

Y
1

X
1

Y
2

Y
1

X
1

* Can not be as easily
derived as for a circular
section.
* The magnitude of v
t
is a
function of the ratio of y
to x (long to short sides)
v
t
=
T
o x
2
y
y/x 1.0 1.2 1.5 2.0 2.5 3 5
o 0.208 0.219 0.231 0.246 0.256 0.267 0.290 0.333
For Rectangular section :
For T, L section :
v
t
=
T x
m

E x
3
y
1
3
Where x
m
= web thickness
7
L
T
K
t
= =
T
u
GC
L
Where :
K
t
= torsional stiffness GC = torsional rigidity
T = torsional moment G = modulus of elasticity in shear
u = angle of twist C = torsion constant
L = length of element
Torsion Constant C
Circular Section Rectangular Section T, L, I Section

t h
4

32
| x
3
y
E x
3
y
1
3
y/x 1.0 1.2 1.5 2.0 2.5 3 4 5
| 0.141 0.166 0.196 0.229 0.249 0.263 0.281 0.291
8
General Treatment of Torsion on Statically Indeterminate Systems
* Before cracking, the torsional stiffness GC/L is very large. After cracking,
the member will rotate, and its torsional stiffness reduces drastically.

2G4
2
B
4

2S1
2S2
T = torsional moment
* Postcracking stiffness should have to
be known. But it is difficult. Since the
stiffness is needed BEFORE the torsional
moment can be determined, the cracked
section stiffness is not available because
it requires knowledge of the steel
reinforcement.
Iteration procedure is needed.
9
Code Procedure
Code provides two options for the design of torsional members when
the torsional moment is dependent on the relative stiffness of the
interacting members.

1. Estimate the torsional and flexural stiffnesses of all interacting members
making any reasonable assumptions. Determine the moments,
shears, and torsional moments by the statically indeterminate
analysis using factored loads. Then apply the Code provisions for
torsion design.

2. Neglect torsional stiffness in the statically indeterminate structural
analysis. Since no torsional moment will then be available, the
torsional members must be designed for a strength based on a
nominal torsional shear stress under factored load.
10
2G4
2
B
4

2S1
2S2
Spandrel Beam 2B4
* Subjected to a torsional moment per unit length in addition to
bending and shear.
* The torsional moment equal to wL
2

* Alternatively, the torsional moment may be neglected. In such cases
spandrel beam must be designed for a minimum torsional strength.
Spandrel Girder 2G4
* Subjected to torsional moments only
at the junction points with the beams.
1
24
11
2G4
2
B
4

2S1
2S2
Example
Estimate the maximum torsional shear
stress in the spandrel beam 2B2 if the
restraining moment at the exterior end
of slab panel 2S1 is M = wL
2
/24 (115 mm
slab and a clear span of slab is 3633 mm).
The service live and dead loads are
4788 and 2681 N/mm
2
. Assume an
460 x 460 mm column and a
330 x 570 mm overall size beam.
Use f
c
= 20 MPa.
12
w
u
= 1.2 (2681) + 1.6 (4788)
= 10878 N/m
2


M
u
= (10,878) (3,633)
2
/ 24
= 5,98 kN-m/m width

T
u
= w
u
L = (10,878) (3,633)
= 10,86 kNm
T
u

M
u
= 5,98 kNm/m
The maximum nominal torsional stress is :

v
t
= =

= 0,76 MPa
1
3
T
u

| E x
2
y
10,86 . 10
6

0,6 [(330)
2
(570) + (115)
2
(690)]
1
3
330
6 h
f
= 690
115
570
13
x = dimension of shorter side
90
Compression
zone
y = dimension of
longer side
Failure plane in
tension zone
|
1
= 45
NA for skew bending
Outline
of actual
failure
surface
from test
A plain concrete rectangular section
would reach its torsional strength T
e

at the maximum torsional stress f
t
(max), since pure torsion gives a
pure shear stress condition.

T
e
= o x
2
y [ f
t
(max) ]

Axis
Shear distribution
in a circular bar
Shear distribution
in a square bar
T = torsional moment
Studies by Hsu, showed that :
o = 1/3 and f
t
(max) = 5\f
c
(ksi)
14
s
a
y
x
y
90
Q
y

Q
x

P
v

P
v

P
v

Q
y

Q
x

45
s
z
1

P
Compression
zone under
skew bending
* Once steel reinforcement
is placed, the behavior of
section changes from that
of plain concrete.
* Prior to cracking, the reinforcement
participates little.
* After cracking, the reinforcement carries a large portion of the total
torsional moment. The contribution of concrete is only about 40% of the
torsional strength of an unreinforced section.
* The failure mode does continue to be one of skew bending.
15
s
a
y
x
y
90
Q
y

Q
x

P
v

P
v

P
v

Q
y

Q
x

45
s
z
1

P
Compression
zone under
skew bending
Forces acting on
skew bending failure section
* The failure section is assumed to be a plane as drawn above.

* Since a bending mode of failure is assumed, the compression zone is treated as in any
beam analysis; it has a depth a over which the compressive stress may be assumed uniform.

* On the tension side where the concrete cracks, the reinforcing hoops have tensile forces P
v

in them and the longitudinal bars resist shear across the cracked concrete via dowel action
(Q
x
and Q
y
). As long as the concrete is uncracked and the concrete itself transmits shear,
no dowel action exists.
16
Longitudinal bar
45
P
l

P
c

P
s

Components of resultant
force P acting on
compression zone of
failure plane
45
45
45
P
l

P
c

P
s

P
* P
l
= contribution of longitudinal bars
P
s
= contribution of concrete shear resistance
P
c
= contribution of concrete compressive resistance

* The hoop reinforcement in compression is neglected because the nominal
moment strength M
n
is not significantly affected by the inclusion of
compression reinforcement.

*
On the Compression Zone of Skew Bending Failure Section
17
s
a
y
x
y
Q
y

Q
x

P
v

P
v

P
v

Q
y

Q
x

s
z
1

P
Compression
zone under
skew bending
On the Tension Zone of Skew Bending Failure Section
* No longitudinal force
can exist.
* Since only P
v
, Q
x
, and Q
y
are assumed to be
acting, and the resultant force must be directed
upward (opposite to P on the compression zone),
no resultant tension or compression can exist in the longitudinal direction
of the tension zone under skew bending.

* A potential failure plane can exist opposite to that in figure above, having
the compression and tension sides interchanged. Thus the longitudinal
forces, stirrup forces, and dowel forces must be resisted on each side
of the section.
18
Strength Attributable to Concrete
Longitudinal bar
45
P
l

P
c

P
s

s
a
y
x
y
Q
y

Q
x

P
v

P
v

P
v

Q
y

Q
x

s
z
1

P
Compression
zone under
skew bending
P
s
= v
avg
(y\2) a
Where :
P
s
= shear resistance
v
avg
= average shear stress acting over the compression zone
y \2 = width of the compression zone
a = depth of the compression zone
By omitting effect of reinforcement, Ps may be considered proportional to
the effective area xy\2 and to \fc,
P
s
= k
1
xy \f
c

Where k
1
= a proportionality constant
19
45
45
45
P
l

P
c

P
s

P
P = \2 P
s
+ P
l

Contribution of longitudinal reinforcement
Contribution of concrete
Thus the torsional strength Tc attributable to concrete
equals the force \2 P
s
times the moment arm (say, 0.8x)
T
c
= \2 P
s
. (Moment arm)
= \2 k
1
xy \f
c
(0.8x)
= k
2
x
2
y \f
c

Experimentally the proportionality constant k
2
~ 1/15, thus :
T
c
= (\f
c
/ 15) E x
2
y
Where :
T
c
= torsional moment strength available from concrete
f
c
= concrete strength
x = short side of section
y = long side of section
20
Strength Attributable to Hoops and Longitudinal Reinforcement
Longitudinal bar
45
P
l

P
c

P
s

s
a
y
x
y
Q
y

Q
x

P
v

P
v

P
v

Q
y

Q
x

s
z
1

P
Compression
zone under
skew bending
On the compression zone
Consider the forces P
v
, Q
x
and Q
y

on the tension zone and P
l
on the compression zone.
1. The contribution of the closed vertical stirrups (hoops) is

P
v
= A
t
f
y
. (1)

2. The tensile force P
l
in the longitudinal bars is

P
l
= f
y ...
(2)
Where : y
1
/s = the number of hoops intercepted by
the 45 failure plane
y
1

s
A
l

2
Where :
= efficiency factor
A
l
= total area of all longitudinal bar
(assumed to be A
l
/2 in the compression zone)
y
2

x
2

x
1

y
1

21
s
a
y
x
y
Q
y

Q
x

P
v

P
v

P
v

Q
y

Q
x

s
z
1

P
Compression
zone under
skew bending
3. The dowel forces Q
x
and Q
y

They act after cracking. These
forces may be assumed
proportional to the bar cross-
sectional area and to the bar
lateral displacement, which is
proportional to the distance from
the center of twist to the bar, thus :
Q
x
= k
3
A
l
y
2

Q
y
= k
3
A
l
x
2

Where : k3 = proportionality constant.
.(3)
Next, let m equal to the ratio of the volume of longitudinal bars to the
volume of closed hoops such that :
m =
A
l
s
2 A
t
(x
1
+ y
1
)
. (4)
22
or :
A
l
= A
t

2 m (x
1
+ y
1
)
s
. (5) SNI eq. 3.4-24
Substitution eq. 5 into eq. 2 gives :
y
1

x
1

P
l
= m 1 +
x
1
A
t
f
y

s
. (6)
Substitution eq. 5 into eq. 3 gives :
Q
x
= k
3
y
2


= 2 m 1 +

Q
y
= 2 m 1 +
2 m A
t
(x
1
+ y
1
)
s
k
3

f
y

y
2

y
1

y
1

x
1

x
1
y
1
A
t
f
y

s
k
3

f
y

x
2

y
1

y
1

x
1

x
1
y
1
A
t
f
y

s
. (7)

. (8)
23
The torsional resistance from reinforcement then is :
T
s
= P
v
+ P
l
+ 2Q
x
+ 2Q
y

x
1

2
x
2

2
y
2

2
x
2

2
(9)
Substitution eq. 1, 6, 7 and 8 into eq. 9 gives :
From the experiment, o
t
may be expressed as :
o
t
= ( 2 + y
1
/x
1
) / 3 s 1.5
T
s
= o
t

x
1
y
1
A
t
f
y

s
x
2

x
1

y
1

Thus the full nominal strength Tn of rectangular reinforced concrete section
may be written by :
T
n
= T
c
+ T
s
= (\f
c
/ 15) E x
2
y + o
t

x
1
y
1
A
t
f
y

s
= SNI eq.3.4-23
= SNI 3.4.6.(9)
24
Where :
T
n
= nominal strength of torsion in torsion and shear
V
n
= nominal strength of shear in torsion and shear
T
n0
= nominal strength under torsion alone
V
n0
= nominal strength under shear alone
T
n

T
n0

2
+ = 1
V
n

V
n0

2
The shear strength V
n
in the presence of torsion T
n
is obtained by solving
the above equation after first dividing through by (V
n
/V
n0
)
2
,
V
n
=
V
n0

1 +
V
n0

T
n0

2
T
n

V
n

2
. (1)
For beams with web reinforcement, it is assumed that this interaction is also
applicable to the concrete contribution to shear and torsional strengths.
25
Consequently, V
n
= V
c
; also V
n0
= (\f
c
/6) b
w
d and T
n0
= (\f
c
/15) E x
2
y
Thus eq. 1 becomes :
V
c
=
(\f
c
/6) b
w
d
1 +
V
n0

T
n0

T
n

V
n

2
. (2)
Note that :
V
n0

T
n0

= = 2.5 C
t

(\f
c
/6) b
w
d
(\f
c
/15) E x
2
y
C
t
=
b
w
d
E x
2
y
Substitution of eq. 3 into eq. 2 by using T
n
/V
n
= T
u
/V
u
gives :
. (3)
26
V
c
=
(\f
c
/6) b
w
d
1 +
T
u

V
u

2
. (4) = SNI eq. 3.4-5
2.5 C
t

The torsion strength T
n
in the presence of shear V
n
is obtained by solving
the main equation in p.24, after first dividing through by (T
n
/T
n0
)
2
,
T
n
=
T
n0

1 +
T
n0

V
n0

2
V
n

T
n

2
. (5)
For beam with web reinforcement, T
n
= T
c
; also T
n0
= (\f
c
/15) E x
2
y
and V
n0
= (\f
c
/6) b
w
d and V
n
/T
n
= V
u
/T
u
; thus
T
c
=
(\f
c
/15) E x
2
y
1 +
V
u

T
u

2
. (6) = SNI eq. 3.4-22
0.4
C
t

27
For the upper limits to strength carried by hoop reinforcement :
V
s max
= 2 (\f
c
/3) b
w
d
= SNI 3.4.5.(6)
T
s max
= 4 T
c
= SNI 3.4.6.(9)
The requirement for the stirrups spacing :
s
max
= (x
1
+ y
1
) / 4 or 300 mm
= SNI 3.4.6.(8)
28
Shear Consideration

Calculate : |V
c

using SNI eq. 3.4-5

See Shear Design

Find : A
v
and s
v


1
START

Calculate : T
u
, V
u


T
u
< | (\f
c
/20) Ex
2
y
The influence of
Torsion is
neglected.
The Section is
designed as
Shear
consideration
alone

Finish
yes
no
Torsion Consideration

Calculate : |T
c

using SNI eq.3.4-22

|T
s
= T
u
- |T
c


|T
s
> 4 |T
c


Choose the | of stirrup

s
t
= (o
t
A
t
x y |f
y
)/ |T
s


2
Redesign
the section
yes
no
29
2

Check : stirrup spacing
s
t max
= (x1+y1)/4
or 300 mm

s
t
< s
t max

Calculate : the total stirrup
A
stirrup
= A
v
+ A
t


Find : stirrup spacing, s

Calculate :
longitudinal reinf, Al
using SNI eq. 3.4-24

Finish
no
1

Check :
stirrup spacing
based on shear
consideration
yes
Use s
t max