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"ultiple#in$
%e ha e looke& at e!!icient techni'ues !or utili(in$ a &ata link un&er hea y loa&. )n&er the simplest con&itions a me&ium can only carry one si$nal at any moment in time
*or multiple si$nals to share one me&ium the me&ium must somehow +e &i i&e& $i in$ each si$nal a portion o! the +an&wi&th.
,owe er- two communicatin$ stations will not utili(e the !ull capacity o! a &ata link.
*or e!!iciency- it shoul& +e possi+le to share that capacity This is multiplexing
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"ultiple sources +ut only one link The multiplexer is connecte& to the demultiplexer +y a sin$le &ata link The ")1 com+ines &ata !rom these 2n3 input lines an& transmits them throu$h the hi$h capacity &ata link The D4")1 &eli ers to the appropriate output lines
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"ultiple#in$ an& compression techni'ues sa e +usiness money The hi$her the &ata rate- the more cost/e!!ecti e the transmission !acility
*or a $i en application an& o er a $i en &istance- the cost per k+ps &eclines with an increase in the &ata rate o! the transmission !acility Similarly- the cost o! transmission an& recei in$ e'uipment- per k+ps&eclines with increasin$ &ata rate.
"ost in&i i&ual &ata/communicatin$ &e ices re'uire relati ely mo&est &ata/ rate support
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"ultiple#in$ techni'ues can +e cate$ori(e& into the !ollowin$ three types: Frequency-division multiplexing (FDM)
*re'uency spectrum is &i i&e& into se eral lo$ical channels$i in$- each user e#clusi e possession o! a particular !re'uency +an&. 6t is most popular an& is use& e#tensi ely in ra&io an& TV transmission. 4ach user perio&ically $ets the entire +an&wi&th !or short +urst o! time. 6t is also calle& synchronous TD"Commonly use& !or multiple#in$ &i$iti(e& oice stream. This is also calle& asynchronous TD"- which simply impro es 5 on the e!!iciency o! synchronous TD".
Statistical TDM
Sen&s si$nals in se eral &istinct !re'uency ran$es Carry multiple i&eo channels in a sin$le ca+le
6ma$ine the cost o! strin$in$ a wire !or each channel to peoples homes
4ach si$nal is mo&ulate& onto a &i!!erent carrier an& carrier !re'uencies are separate& +y guard bands 9an&wi&th o! the transmission me&ium e#cee&s re'uire& +an&wi&th o! all the si$nals. )se& in ra&io an& ca+le TV
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%hen channels are ery close to one other- it lea&s to inter/channel cross talk
Channels must +e separate& +y strips o! unuse& +an&wi&th to pre ent inter/channel cross talk These unuse& channels +etween each successi e channel are known as guard bands The ran$e o! !re'uencies ha e to +e non/o erlappin$
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9asic approach:
Di i&e the a aila+le +an&wi&th o! a sin$le physical me&ium into a num+er o! smaller- in&epen&ent !re'uency channels.
)sin$ mo&ulation- in&epen&ent messa$e si$nals are translate& into &i!!erent !re'uency +an&s The carriers use& to mo&ulate the in&i i&ual messa$e si$nals are calle& sub-carriers, shown as f1, f2, ..., fn .nalo$ si$nalin$ is use& to transmit the analo$ si$nals 9roa&cast ra&io an& tele ision- ca+le tele ision *D" is the ol&est multiple#in$ techni'ue.
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The assi$nment is !or non/o erlappin$ !re'uency ran$es on a me&ium. .ll si$nals are transmitte& at the same time usin$ &i!!erent !re'uencies The multiple#or is attache& to a hi$h/spee& communication line
6n&i i&ual !re'uencies will a&& up to $reater +an&wi&ths- the line must +e a+le to han&le them.
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:ro+lem with *D" is that is it cannot utilize the full capacity of the cable. ;emem+er:
There must +e a consi&era+le $ap +etween the !re'uency +an&s in or&er to ensure that the si$nals !rom +an& &o not a!!ect the si$nals in another +an&
*D" carries analo$ si$nals althou$h mo&ulate& &i$ital si$nals can also +e carrie& usin$ this techni'ue
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Same as *D" +ut applie& to !i+ers The &i!!erence is the that the operatin$ !re'uencies are much hi$her- i.e. in the optical ran$e <reat potential !or !i+er me&ia since the +an&wi&th is so hu$e with &i!!erent ener$y +an&s are passe& throu$h a &i!!raction $ratin$ prism. 6t &oes this +y:
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:ower s !re'uency
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%D" multiple#es multiple &ata streams onto a sin$le !i+er optic line Di!!erent wa elen$th lasers 7lam+&a8 transmits the multiple si$nals 4ach si$nal carrie& on the on the !i+er can +e transmitte& at a &i!!erent rate !rom the other si$nals Dense %D" com+ines as many as 30- =0 or >0 channels in one !i+er
Sharin$ o! the si$nal is accomplishe& +y &i i&in$ a aila+le transmission time on me&ium amon$ users
Time is +ein$ &i i&e& "ay+e in a roun& ro+in !ashion Computer communication Telecommunications Synchronous TD" Statistical TD" or asynchronous
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5ike *D"- TD" sa es money +y allowin$ more than one telephone call to use a ca+le at the same time.
Since this is synchronous the clocks ha e to +e synchroni(e& +e!ore transmission This way each recei in$ time slot know to which terminal the &ata +elon$s to
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6nstea& o! &i i&in$ the ca+le into !re'uency +an&s- it splits the ca+le usa$e into time slots
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)se& !or &i$ital si$nals or analo$ si$nals carryin$ &i$itals &ata Data rate o! transmission me&ia e#cee& &ata rate o! si$nals )ses a !rame
?um+er o! +its an& +ytes to !orm one particular unit at which to sen& it o er Slow &e ice will sen& lower num+er o! +its &urin$ his time ,i$h spee& &e ice will sen& lar$er num+er o! +its Slots normally come perio&ically
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:ro+lem with TD" The recei er &oes not know the +its comin$- e#cept once it recei es the !rame it will !orwar& it to the appropriate &e ice Suppose Si is sen&in$ to ;i- &urin$ the turn o! Si it happens to ha e nothin$ to sen&- it is not possi+le !or SB to use that particular time slot to sen& its !rame The slot will ha e to +e transmitte& empty.
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Sen&er an& recei er ha e to a$ree on the len$th o! time slot The multiple#or accepts input !rom attache& &e ices in a roun&/ro+in !ashion an& transmit the &ata T/1 an& 6SD? telephone lines are common e#amples o! synchronous time &i ision multiple#in$ 6! one &e ice $enerates &ata at a !aster rate than other &e ices
The multiple#or must sample the incomin$ &ata stream more o!ten or +u!!er the incomin$ stream
6! a &e ice has nothin$ to sen& the multiple#or must still insert a piece o! &ata an& multiple# the stream.
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9oth *D" an& TD" can +e com+ine& The a aila+le channel is +roken up into !re'uency +an&s 6n each +an&- multiple channels are accommo&ate& throu$h TD" 4#ample is like the cell phone communications
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This is also known as asynchronous TD" .s well as TD"- +ut on &eman& rather than !i#e&
.&&resses the pro+lem o! the ori$inal TD" "ultiple#or cannot sen& an empty slot rather i! a &e ice has nothin$ an& an& another one &oes then it will allow the one with !rames to sen& to transmit at that particular time. )tili(es the channel more e!!iciently
Capa+ility o! resche&ulin$ the link on per/packet +asis :ackets !rom &i!!erent sources interlea e& on the link The pro+lem now comes at the &emultiple#or si&e
There is no relationship that Si uses a Ti slot !or it to +e recei e& +y ;i .s a result you ha e to ha e an a&&ress o! the recei in$ host in 25 the packet
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.llows connection o! more no&es to the circuit than the capacity o! the circuit
:ossi+le +ecause with +usty &ata there are still i&le times nee& to +e utili(e& to make the e!!icient ;ate o! utili(ation may increase
%orks on the premise that not all no&es will transmit at !ull capacity at all times "ust transmit a terminal 6D
Destination 6D
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9u!!er packets that are conten&in$ !or the link :acket 'ueue may +e processe& *6*@- +ut not necessarily
@ther schemes may apply as well- e#ample hi$h priority 'ueue6! all sen&ers &eci&e to sen& at the same time Con$estion occurs .s a result there may +e &ata loss
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. statistical multiple#or accepts the incomin$ &ata streams an& creates a !rame containin$ only the &ata to +e transmitte& To i&enti!y each piece o! &ata- an a&&ress is i&enti!ie&. 6n this case the si(e is !i#e&
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a& anta$es
*D"
TD"
STD"
"ore e!!icient +an&wi&th use *rame can contain control in!ormation :acket can +e o! aryin$ si(es
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.& anta$es
%D"
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Disa& anta$es
*D"
Suscepti+le to noise %aste& +an&wi&th 5imite& !re'uency ran$e %aste& +an&wi&th "ore comple# an& e#pensi e "ore costly than *D" an& TD"
TD"
STD"
%D"
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