RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

SONAL TH CLASS 9 B

Structure and Function

External respiration, or ventilation, brings oxygen into the lungs Internal respiration exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and body cells Cellular respiration changes acid produced during metabolism into harmless chemicals in the cells

Figure 12-2 Mechanics of Breathing

Following the Inhalation Process

Air enters the respiratory system through the nose or mouth Air from the nose or mouth is then funneled through the throat and into the trachea The trachea branches into two tubes called bronchi Each bronchus enters one of the lungs and then branches into smaller tubes called bronchioles The bronchioles have small sacs at their ends called alveoli Capillaries in the walls of the alveoli exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide by the process of diffusion

Assessment Techniques
Rate
The normal rate of respiration varies with age, gender, posture, exercise, temperature, and other factors

Character
Respirations should have a regular rhythm, occurring at regular intervals

Sounds
Breath sounds can be heard by using a stethoscope

Assessment Techniques (continued)

Lung volume
The amount of air that can be brought into the lungs is called respiratory capacity

Blood gases
Studies measure how much oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are in the blood, the blood's pH and other gases

Figure 12-3 Respiratory Capacity

Disorders of the Respiratory System

Anthrax
Caused by spores of the bacterium

Asthma attack
May result from exposure to an allergen, cold temperature, exercise, or emotion

Atelectasis
A collapse of part or all of a lung, caused by a tumor in the thoracic cavity, pneumonia, or injury

Disorders of the Respiratory System (continued)

Bronchitis
An infection of the bronchi

Carbon monoxide poisoning

Occurs from breathing carbon monoxide

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

A group of chronic respiratory disorders including asthma, chronic bronchitis, and pulmonary emphysema

Disorders of the Respiratory System (continued)

Cold
A respiratory infection

Cystic fibrosis
A genetic disorder of the exocrine glands

Emphysema
The alveoli lose elasticity and become dilated and do not exchange gases well

Disorders of the Respiratory System (continued)

Pneumoconiosis
An inflammation in the lungs caused by inhaled irritants

Respiratory acidosis
A buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood, causing a lowered blood pH

Respiratory alkalosis
A deficiency of carbon dioxide in the blood

Disorders of the Respiratory System (continued)

Respiratory distress syndrome

A condition that occurs when the alveoli do not inflate properly

Sinusitis
An inflammation of one or more of the paranasal sinuses

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

A respiratory disorder of newborns

Issues and Innovations

Tobacco issues
Secondhand smoke Smokeless tobacco Heart disease and cancer Sick building syndrome Asbestos Berylliosis Black lung disease

Environmental health risks

THANKS