Angles and Their Measures

Chapter 4, Sections 1 & 3

Angles
An angle is formed by two rays that have a common endpoint called the vertex. One ray is called the initial side and the other the terminal side. The arrow near the vertex shows the direction and the amount of rotation from the initial side to the terminal side.
C
Terminal Side B Vertex

Initial Side

Standard Position
An angle is in standard position if its vertex is at the origin of a rectangular coordinate system and its initial side lies along the positive x-axis.

Standard Position Positive Angles

y

is positive
Terminal Side

Vertex Initial Side

Positive angles rotate counterclockwise.

Standard Position Negative Angles

y

Vertex Initial Side

Terminal Side

is negative

Negative angles rotate clockwise.

Measuring Angles
We measure angles in 2 different units: degrees and radians

Degrees
Divided into 60 equal parts called minutes ()
Divided into 60 equal parts called seconds ()

Radians
Uses

Angle Conversions Degrees to DMS

1. Keep the whole number this is the degree part () 2. Multiply the decimal part by 60 this is the minutes part () 3. Multiply the remaining decimal part by 60 this is the seconds part ()

Angle Conversions DMS to Degrees

1. Keep the degree part this is the whole number. 2. Divide the minutes part by 60, divide the seconds part by 3600, then add those two numbers to each other this is the decimal.

Angle Conversions Degrees to Radians

1. Divide the degrees by 180 2. Multiply by

**leave in fraction form** **if the angle is in DMS form, convert back to degrees first**

Angle Conversions Radians to Degrees

Divide by Multiply by 180

Special Angles Coterminal Angles

two angles that share a terminal side To find coterminal angles add or subtract any number of full circles to the angle
The degree measure of an angle has been increased/decreased by a multiple of 360 The radian measure of an angle has been increased/decreased by a multiple of 2

Special Angles Reference Angles

the acute angle (A) formed by the terminal side of the given angle and the x-axis
In Quadrant I, the reference angle is A In Quadrant II, the reference angle is 180-A In Quadrant III, the reference angle is A-180 In Quadrant IV, the reference angle is 360-A

Special Angles Reference Angles

Special Angles Quadrantal Angles

the terminal side of the angle coincides with one of the axes
90 180 270 360