AE 440 Structures Discipline Lecture 6

Eric Loth

For AE 440 A/C Lecture

Structures Responsibilities
a. b. c. Determine V-n relationships and establish a V-n diagram Establish and maintain load paths Determine component materials (weights and dimensions to configuration) and consider environmental impact of acquisition, production and operations Determine landing gear configuration Carry out a detailed structural design of the wing box and wing attachment and structurally design landing gear (weights & dimensions to configuration) Employ FEM Analysis
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d. e.

f.

Three Primary Structural Loads

Typical Aircraft Loads

Limit Load Factors

V-n Diagram

http://rgl.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgFAR.nsf/MainFrame?OpenFrameSet

Load Paths
How loads are transferred from one structural member to another Wing skintorsion and shear stress Wing ribsmaintain shape and rigidity, transfer loads from skin to spars Wing sparsbending moments Fuselagebulkheads, framers, stringers
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Lift Distribution

Spanwise Load Distribution

Typical Wing Box (AE 441)

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Major Fuselage Loads

Empennage loads due to trim, maneuvering, turbulence and gusts Pressure loads due to cabin pressurization Landing gear loads due to landing impact, taxiing and ground maneuvering Loads induced by the propulsion installation when the latter is attached to the fuselage
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Fuselage Structure

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Structural Components
Spars Ribs Skin Beam shear Beam bending Torsion
Cessna Citation II

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Materials
Selection criteria
Strength Stiffness Density Cost

Typical materials
Aluminum Composites Steel Titanium

Mini-UAV materials
Plastic Balsa Fiber (cloth)

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Stress vs. Strain= Stiffness

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Landing Gear Loads

Vertical loads primarily caused by non-zero touchdown rates and taxiing over rough surfaces
Longitudinal loads primarily caused by braking loads and rolling friction loads Lateral loads primarily caused by crabbed landings, cross-wind taxiing and ground turning

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Common Landing Gear Configurations

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Samples of Structural Results from Previous CDRs

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V-n Diagram

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Spanwise Lift Distribution

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Spanwise Load Distribution

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Moment Distribution

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Structural Weight and Deflection

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Structural Configuration (441 level)

I-beam gives good resistance to shear (web) and bending (caps)

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Structural Details (441 level)

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