Repeaters in CDMA network

Dr. Joseph Shapira

PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL

Parameters affecting capacity

Power (FL) limit Effect - Blocking Measure - Power-per-user, blocking rate Interference (RL) limit Measure noise rise ( may have an access limit set by the system) Effect - Access failures, dropped calls, coverage reduction (breathing) Measure (RL) access failures/ dropped calls rates Excess SHO Draws power from multiple cells limits FL power Increases overhead communications Draws channel cards

PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL

Capacity Measurements
Measure Power per WC (Power per user). This is an average measurement, that assumes the same user distribution and data flow per user. P/WC is sensitive to coverage, and has to be corrected for change of coverage, if channel changes are measured (diversity) Pilot power allocation % affects TCH power and capacity Measure - Blocking rate A valid measure only for full load (saturation) Disrupted by anti-saturation means (e.g. AOC) Noise Rise (may have a limit by the system)

PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL

CDMA optimization parameters

Improve the channel reduce Eb/Nt required margin Receive diversity Transmit diversity Reduce link loss variations Distributed antennas Repeaters Reduce SHO overhead
Increase the transmissionloss slope Balance FWD and RVS links Access Control

Balance the loads

Intersector Intercell

Optimize the service

Dynamic optimization is the next frontier

PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL

Time Delay Transmit Diversity (TDTD)

Performance Comparison - Sector 21Z
4.9 4.4 3.9 3.4

Blocking probability

w/o TDTD w TDTD - Before Tilt

P blocking [%]

2.9 2.4 1.9 1.4 0.9 0.4 -0.1 5200

Residential area 2%
Performance Comparison - Sector 21X
300 400 500 600 700 800

70% increase in capacity (2.3 dB gain) Highway traffic 25% increase in capacity
w/o TDTD w TDTD

4.5 4 3.5 3

Minutes of Use

P blocking

2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 700

(1 dB gain)

2%

[%]

900

1100

1300

PROPRIETARY 1500 1700 AND CONFIDENTIAL 1900

Minutes of Use

Indoors Penetration enhancement by a repeater across-the-street, with Transmit Diversity plus TTLNA
3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -10 2 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15

5dB
RSSI {with TD w/o TD } [dB] Distribution

-4dB
Handset Tx Power {with TD w/o TD} [dB] Distribution

PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL

Network Optimization/ Capacity Maximization Process

Improve the channel reduce Eb/Io required margin Receive diversity Transmit diversity Reduce link loss variations Distributed access Repeaters Reduce SHO overhead
Increase the transmissionloss slope Balance FWD and RVS links Access Control

Balance the loads

Intersector Intercell

Optimize the service

Dynamic optimization is the next frontier

PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL

Network Optimization/ Capacity Maximization Process

Improve the channel reduce Eb/Io required margin Receive diversity Transmit diversity Reduce link loss variations Distributed antennas Repeaters Reduce SHO overhead
Antenna control Balance FWD and RVS links Access Control

Balance the loads

Intersector Intercell

Optimize service
Dynamic optimization is the next frontier

PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL

Number of Sectors involved in a call

A Major Metropolitan Market, US
Site # X 2.3 Site # Y

1.5 3.4 2.1 2.2

2.2

PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL

Power Inefficiency factor

Site # X Site # Y 20 - 30%

[Simple+2*CTrfCode+ChnSrHO+2.25*CTrfCode+ChnSHO] / [Simple+CTrfCode+ChnSrHO+CTrfCode+ChnSHO]

PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL

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Network Optimization/ Capacity Maximization Process

Improve the channel reduce Eb/Io required margin Receive diversity Transmit diversity Reduce link loss variations Distributed antennas Repeaters Reduce SHO overhead
Increase the transmissionloss slope Balance FWD and RVS links Access Control

Balance the loads

Intersector Intercell

Optimize service
Dynamic optimization is the next frontier

PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL

11

Network Optimization/ Capacity Maximization Process

Improve the channel reduce Eb/Io required margin Receive diversity Transmit diversity Reduce link loss variations Distributed antennas Repeaters Reduce SHO overhead
Increase the transmissionloss slope Balance FWD and RVS links Access Control

Balance the loads

Intersector Intercell

Optimize service
Dynamic optimization is the next frontier

PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL

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The Smart Cluster

Add-On Dynamic Optimization
Cluster size - 10 to 15 cells
Objectives Sensors Optimization Communication Mobile units BTS RF state Repeaters Antenna state Switch performance parameters Effectors

Communication RET and RBC Antennas Repeater gain BTS pilot level Neighbor list Search window Additional parameters
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PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL

Repeater usage for Maximizing Capacity

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Hot spots Indoor illumination from outdoor Indoor distribution (DAS) Increase transmission slope/ reduce SHO Load balancing Add diversity

PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL

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Types of Repeaters
1. 2. 3. 4. Embedded Border extension Remote Cascaded
D1 1 D2 RC RR1 2 RR2

D3

3 RR3

PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL

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Forward Link
Relays all donor transmission ( plus other interfering sources)

yF TDF GRF

No automatic balancing RVS/FWD Has to be controlled for coverage (gain) and saturation (AMLC) Reduces RSU (repeater-served-users) per-user power Increases PiCH/TCH ratio for RSU (TCH is power-controlled)

16 PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL

Impact of Repeaters on the Network - FL

Net gain (yF) determines coverage Excess gain causes oscillations/spurii AMLC reduces coverage, causes imbalance and reduces capacity Amplifying other sources may lead to AMLC Instability of the BS-Repeater (BSR) link (e.g. directive antenna nodding, fiber loss change with temperature, etc.) changes coverage Overlap with donors coverage adds multiple fingers to the MS receiver, introduces interference (excess fingers) and diversity Repeater delay requires broadening of the search window (significant in fiber and selective repeaters)

PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL

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Impact of repeater on network - RL

Effective cell noise factor Repeater adds RL noise Reduces donors coverage, or donors capacity. Trade-off repeater coverage vs. donor coverage/ capacity
FCE FC yFR

n Tc TD FB GRR FR Tr m

GB BTS

FCE FC yFR Repeater

RC0

RC

RR

18 PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL

RL Impact of repeater on network cont.

No Rx diversity increases MTX and BTS load, and reduces coverage Loads the donor noise and reduces its coverage and/ or capacity Overlap introduces diversity. Excess fingers introduce interference Change in BSR link gain causes change in coverage for both repeater and donor Imbalance FL-RL (excess offset) causes the P.C. open loop to be noisy, and loss of capacity. Imbalance exceeding about close loop range breaks the P.C. loop and drops RSUs
PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL 19

Fixed Coverage vs. Fixed Capacity

A B
18 17 16

Excess noise rise for fixed capacity (loss of coverage) Loss of capacity for fixed noise rise A B
Donor capacity relative to nominal (max. load factor vs. nominal)
1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0

Noise rise [dB]

15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8

-1 0

-8

-6

-4

-2

-1 0

-8

-6

-4

-2

Apparent repeater noise figure

Apparent repeater noise figure

PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL

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Coverage of repeaters
Embedded
10.00 8.00 6.00 4.00
Prs/Ps [dB]
Prs/Ps [dB]

Border
10.00 8.00 6.00 4.00
Prs/Ps [dB]

Remote
5.00 3.00 1.00
0. 9 0. 98 1. 06 1. 14 1. 22 1. 3 1. 38 1. 46 1. 54 1. 62 1. 7 1. 78 1. 86 1. 94

-1.00 -3.00 -5.00 -7.00 -9.00 -11.00 -13.00 -15.00

2.00 0.00
0. 1 0. 18 0. 26 0. 34 0. 42 0. 5 0. 58 0. 66 0. 74 0. 82

2.00 0.00
0.7 1 0.46 0.52 0.58 0.64 0.76 0.82 0.88 0.94 1.06 1.12 1.18

-2.00 -4.00 -6.00 -8.00 -10.00

0. 9 0. 98

0. 02

-2.00 -4.00 -6.00 -8.00 -10.00

1.24

1.3

Distance from BTS (normalized)

Distance from BTS (normalized)

Distance from BTS (normalized)

Cell border
PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL 21

Repeater Controls
Gain, RL Power, RL Gain, FL Power, FL AMLC Automatic Level Control Frequency filtering Switching (advanced option) BS-Repeater Link Gain Antenna controls
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PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL

Basic Repeaters
Definition: Fixed frequency band/selective, fixed gain independent in FWD/RVS, has maximum power protection (e.g. AMLC), provides alarms and monitoring, no AISG provisioning (maybe external), no diversities, simple RF F1-F1 (no dedicated conduit), no watermarking, no multi-hop, includes a wireless modem Parameters: FWD Gain, RVS Gain, RVS Tx Power, FWD Power, AMLC Level and Status, Wireless Modem parameters forwarding (Ec/Io, RSSI, FER, Tx PWR) Optimization: Setting procedures (FWD, RVS, Noise Rise, Pilot PWR %, balancing), search window, neighbor list Parameters such as # carriers, traffic load, carriers' loading, BTS allowed shrinkage, enter into setting and optimization as constraints Incorporate repeaters in the optimization tool with shared BTS-Repeater coverage, combined traffic, macro-diversity and interference, all above setting considerations.

PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL

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Advanced Repeaters
1. 2. 3. 4. Repeater performance Enhanced performance Enhanced features Network Parameters Readout

PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL

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Advanced Repeaters

Repeater performance
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Stability Robustness Installation parameter setting Alarm functions Link balancing Traffic, coverage, overhead

PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL

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Enhanced performance
Interference cancellation
1. Adaptive angular interference cancellation (adaptive donor antenna) Filter-out other donors or interfering sources 2. Adaptive feedback cancellation Reduces coupling between donor and service antennas, allowing for tighter installation on the tower

PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL

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Enhanced features
1. Frequency filters
Inter-systems and sub-bands

2. Antenna control (RET/ RBC)

Control of repeater service antenna

3. Diversity FWD/RVS
True or pseudo-diversity (PSD/TDD)

4. Multi-carrier/ multi function

Multi-systems with separate controls

5. BTS-Repeater (backhaul) link stabilization

PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL 27

Network Parameters Readout

1. Traffic load through repeater
Limited effectiveness. The noise rise is affected by the total donor+repeater load

2. Tagging repeater Water-marking RSUs

Frequency or delay modulation of repeater RL. Requires detection by BTS

3. Wireless Modem parameters monitoring 4. Switch parameters pre-filtering and processing

PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL

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Cascaded (multi-hop) repeaters

1. 2. 3. Repeaters are cascaded to increase coverage Along roads maximal area/ length Within an area/ campus mixed large/ small areas Within buildings limited area, complex coverage Distribution (backhaul): Star Cascade

PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL

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Star/ Cascade
Star
Each repeater may be controlled independently The aggregate apparent noise factor counts. Optimal setting same net gain to each.
The gain setting of each repeater influence the rest of the chain. The coverage is successively smaller. Optimal setting same net gain (y) to all repeaters but the first (preferably y=1). Control the chain by the net gain of the first.
Total range RC R1 R2 R3 R4

Cascade

PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL

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Setting
Roads/ area
Maximizes for y=1. Repeaters and donor are planned and optimized together. Low net gain (y <<1). Small coverage. Minor impact on donor coverage. Loosely interdependent optimization of donor and repeater chain.

Indoors

PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL

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Network planning with repeaters

Optimizing the repeaters location and their parameters setting is crucial for any further control and optimization of the network. Major parameters: Repeater RL/FL power, gain, dynamic range (per location and purpose) Repeater location height, beam-width, direction and tilt of dservice antenna Backhaul link
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PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL

Optimization with Repeaters

Change repeater coverage vs. donor coverage
Hot spot Repeater coverage should exceed high density area Border affects pilot pollution/ SHO extent Remote rural coverage vs. core coverage

Change repeater antenna orientation/ tilt

Hot spot controls overlap with donor (capacity, performance) Border controls pilot pollution/ SHO extent Remote controls Repeater coverage area

Frequency Filters and service antenna control

Controls load distribution/ service destination

Switch
Switch off dormant coverage and reduce noise

PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL

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Enhancement Tools

CDMA wireless modem in the repeater

1. Reports repeater status 2. Relays commands to the repeater 3. Automatic FL/RL links balancing
By reading the offset parameter of the modem P.C. and controlling repeater gains

4. Location (e.g. by differentiating time-of-flight to modem

and to subscriber)

5. Identifies PNs through repeater

Support reduction of interference from other sources

PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL

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Thank you
Contact Dr. Joseph Shapira Comm&Sens Ltd +972 4 8251653 +972 54 6607088 Jshapira@comm-andsens.com
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PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL