BEHAVIOUR OF DAMS AND BRIDGES IN PAST EARTHQUAKE

By, Poorani Saravana Priya.P

REASONS THAT LEAD TO FAILURE

Structural failure of materials used in dam construction. Movement and/or failure of the foundation supporting the dam. Settlement and cracking of concrete or embankment dams. Piping and internal erosion of soil in embankment dams. Inadequate maintenance and upkeep.

DAMAGES CAUSED
Rock-fill dams are more flexible than those of concrete and more resistant than earth dams. However, the clay or concrete used to make these dams watertight can crack in an earthquake, resulting in leaks.

Possible damage would include: Small, medium, or large cracks or leaks; Collapse of reservoir embankments;

EARTH DAMS
In Earth dams, earthquakes cause: failure of foundations cracks in the core landslides in the dams waves in the reservoir causing landslides and overtopping or collapse of the core wall.

Other damages include:

Small leaks which should be immediately repaired to avoid the increase of erosion; Accumulation of soil because of landslides, which may need to be dredged;

CONCRETE DAMS
Concrete dams can crack or the foundations can fail. Possible damage could include: Cracks or small leaks that should be repaired immediately; Accumulation of soil due to slides;

TAIWAN EARTHQUAKE 1999-TOTAL COLLAPSE

Broken spillways of ShihKang dam

SEISMIC LIQUEFACTION

SEISMIC LIQUEFACTION
Seismic liquefaction refers to a sudden loss in stiffness and strength of soil due to cyclic loading effects of an earthquake.

SAN FERNANDO DAM

KOYNA DAM-INDIA

The most important structural damage to the dam was horizontal cracks on the upstream and downstream faces

Fujinuma Dam Failure March 11, 2011 Japan

UPSTREAM BREACH

ABUTMENT SLIDE

UPSTREAM SLIDE

ABUTMENT BREACHING

MAJOR FAILURES
Potential breach resulting from a slope failure The failure of the dam reportedly occurred soon after the earthquake, consistent with a slope stability failure leading to a breach of the dam.

SLOPE DISTRESS

Potential breach resulting from an internal erosion, or piping failure If the dam deformed significantly during the earthquake shaking, transverse cracks could have developed and promoted internal erosion.

EROSION

SHIH-KANG DAM

BEHAVIOUR OF BRIDGES IN PAST EARTHQUAKE

MAJOR DAMAGES
Seismic Displacements Column Failure Joint Failure Footing Failure Steel Bridge Components

LIQUEFACTION

Showa Bridge 1964-Niigata

Showa Bridge 1964 Niigata

The failure of Showa Bridge is mainly due to LIQUEFACTION. The pipe pile sinks directly into the upper loose sand layer which causes the 307 m long bridge to sink partially.

CRUSHING FAILURE

The crushing failure is mainly due to two main reasons, Improper design mix strength and Improper reinforcement This failure occurred in HyogokenNanbu earthquake

DETACHMENT OF PILE CAP

The detachment of pile cap from pile head is mainly due to, Improper mixing Improper Compaction This failure occurred in HyogokenNanbu earthquake

PIERS PENETRATE

 Pier penetrating bridge deck due to pile settlement or lateral bending deformation under earthquake loading. This failure occurred in Struve Slough bridge, 1989

LOMA PRIETA EARTHQUAKE

Example Bullet Point Slide

Structure lacked redundancy Structure lacked ductility Lack of capacity to absorb energy Longitudinal restrainers helped, but did not address column ductility.

NORTHRIDGE

Failures can be attributed to brittle shear failure of short stiff columns. Short stiff column next to abutment fails Unseating of hinge Span collapse

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