Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Sanitary sewer Storm water sewer Combined sanitary and storm water
End products
Check
Sewage is mainly a liquid waste containing some solids, produced by humans. It typically consists of washing water, feces, urine, laundry waste and other material which goes down drains and toilets from households and industry. Sewage sludge is an end product of the wastewater treatment process. This material can be a wonderful source of nutrients for the soil
Hydraulic mean depth; m or R The hydraulic mean depth of a liquid flowing through a pipe is equal to the sectional area of liquid divided by the wetted perimeter
BOD
Biochemical oxygen demand or B.O.D is the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic biological organisms in a body of water to break down organic material present in a given water sample at certain temperature over a specific time period. The BOD value is most commonly expressed in milligrams of oxygen consumed per litre of sample during 5 days of incubation at 20 C and is often used as a robust surrogate of the degree of organic pollution of water.
Effect of gradient
Gradient = f (v..)
Check>>>>>V, Q
Based on the following equations, calculate the velocity of flow (m/sec) in a 40 cm diameter sanitary sewer pipe flowing at a depth equal to threequarters of the diameter when the gradient is 1 in 100. Also, calculate the flow rate (m3/sec) in the pipe. Assume the pipe were made from ast iron or DI (i) (ii) (iii) Manning Hazen-William Others
Formulae
Manning HW CH
Sewerage system
Force mains
Size
Joint
Manning etc
VC Pipeline Embedment
Embedment (continued)
Embedment (Continued)
The hydraulic design of four sewers shall be based on a sewage production value of 225 litres/head/day at a peak flow factor of 4.7 x p-0.11 where p is the estimated population equivalent in thousands. The minimum design at full flow shall be 0.8m/s to allow self cleansing
The determination of discharge capacity of gravity pipelines is commonly made by using the whereby hydraulic resistance is expressed by various roughness coefficient which depend on the type material and operational conditions. Tables giving velocities and pipe capacities at various gradients and roughness coefficient are commonly available.
Construction
Layout (GL, RL, SIL etc.) >>>Longitudinal section MH no., GL, Prop. IL, Prop depth, Prop distance