Radiation

Radiation is a natural

energy travelling in the form of waves or particles Not all type of a radiation are harmful The harmful radiation harm us only if we are in contact them for a long period of time and too when they are in excess

Types of radiation
Ionizing radiation
on interaction with matter can

Nonionizing radiation
This kind of radiation can not

produced ions Some of these rays in excess can be harmful. These are even used in medical applications Examples : X-rays, gamma rays , cosmic rays, alpha and beta particles

produced ions These rays are not directly harmful Examples : sound waves, visible light and microwaves

Sources of radiations
Natural radiation Man-made radiation

Beta radiations

so can be shielded by wood, body penetration 0.2 to 1.3 cm Alpha radiations Most beta emitters can be detected with a survey Penetrating power is very low so instrument some may be can be shielded by paper or layer difficult or impossible to detect. of skin beta emitters are hydrogen-3 not able to penetrate clothing. (tritium), carbon-14, and sulfur Internal hazards 35, strontium-90, carbon-14, tritium, and sulfur-35. Instruments cannot detect alpha radiation through even a thin layer of water, dust, paper, or other material, because alpha radiation is not penetrating. emitters: radium, radon, uranium, thorium.

Penetrating power is moderate

Gamma radiations
Electromagnetic photon or

X-Rays
Electromagnetic photon or

radiation (identical to x-rays except of source) gamma emitters: iodine-131, cesium-137, cobalt-60, radium226, and technetium-99m. Dense materials are needed for shielding Clothing provides little shielding detected by survey meters

radiation overlaps with gamma radiation Produced from orbiting electrons or free electronsusually machine produced

They readily penetrate most materials and are sometimes called "penetrating" radiation. These electromagnetic radiations differ only in the amount of energy they have. Gamma rays and x rays are the most energetic of these.

X and gamma [] rays external hazards penetrate the skin and internal organs. Alpha [] and beta [] particles

an internal hazard when deposited in the body inhalation, ingestion injection. They are carried by dust, suspension solutions or gases.

Nature of Radiation Hazards

External hazard affect all or portions of the body. Internal hazard when it is hazardous inside the body. eating of contaminated foods breathing of contaminated air

Biological effects of radiations

Somatic effects an increased chance of cancer and premature aging, loss of hair, Ulceration of the mouth, the reddening and haemorrhaging of the skin and lowering of the blood count in the person exposed. Genetic effects may be passed on to the exposed person's offspring by changes in the genes.

How Can You Keep Radiation Exposure Low

as low as reasonably achievable

(ALARA). Protection from the External Radiation Hazard Time Distance Shielding Protection from the Internal Radiation Hazard by limiting the intake of contaminated air and drinking water, the consumption of contaminated foods. PPE

Radiation dose
Absorbed dose the amount of energy left behind when radiation

passes through matter. Equivalent dose absorbed dose multiplied by a radiation weighting factor dependent on the type & amount of radiation. Effective dose equivalent dose multiplied by a tissue weighting factor, dependent on the sensitivity of a given tissue or organ

Maximum Permissible Occupational Doses

The deep-dose equivalent is the whole-body dose from an external

source of ionizing radiation. This value is the dose equivalent at a tissue depth of 1 cm. The lens dose equivalent is the dose equivalent to the lens of the eye from an external source of ionizing radiation. This value is the dose equivalent at a tissue depth of 0.3 cm. The shallow-dose equivalent is the external dose to the skin of the whole-body or extremities from an external source of ionizing radiation. This value is the dose equivalent at a tissue depth of 0.007 cm averaged over and area of 10 cm2.

Materials used for PPE

Cotton Nylon PVC Polyethylene PVA Polyester Tyvek- high-density polyethylene fibers, (DuPont) Demron Lead shielding is used for the protection from dust of radioactive materials

Why lead is used as a shielding material

It is dense and have a high atomic number, so it is

substantially effective against x-rays Readily available and functional lead blankets, lead aprons & lead barriers effectively protect patients and personnel from unnecessary exposure. Drawbacks Heavier in weight Lack of environmental friendliness. Hazardous material and must be recycled when apparel is no longer functional.

Personal Protective Equipment

Special gear used to protect the

wearer from specific hazards of a hazardous substance.

PPE

does not reduce or eliminate the hazard, protects only the wearer, and does not protect anyone else. includes gloves, respiratory protection, eye protection, and protective clothing.

PPE

PPE Examples

Safety Glasses

Safety Goggles

Face Shield

tyvek splash suit and APR respirators

Example of Leather gloves

Example of Nitrile gloves

Full face APR

1/2 face APR

Industrial suits of different types provide varying degrees of protection

Type A suits are unventilated and are made of permeable fabric or of nonwoven material. Type B suits are unventilated but impermeable. Types C and D suits are ventilated and impermeable. Type C = Air escapes freely through sleeves and seams. Type D = Exhaust devices such as valves or filters are fitted; pressurized.

GLOVES FOR PROTECTION AGAINST RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINATION

Gloves of different types for protection against radioactive contamination

Procedure for removing contaminated lightweight gloves.

Gloves are removed by a special technique to avoid transferring contamination to other surfaces.

FOOTWEAR FOR PROTECTION AGAINST RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINATION

Footwear of different

types provides protection against radioactive contamination. Overshoes and safety shoes are worn in potentially contaminated areas.

TYPES OF RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

Respirators
purify the air by filtering out particulate materials such as dust or low concentrations of gas or vapour.
filtering face piece respirators

half mask respirators

full face mask respirators powered respirators fitted with a fan and filter(s) to supply air to a half

mask, full face mask, visor, hood or helmet, blouse, half suit or full suit.

Breathing equipment
provides clean air or oxygen from an independent, uncontaminated source.
fresh air hose equipment constant flow compressed air equipment, and

breathing apparatus which includes full face masks and full suits supplied either from compressed air lines or self-contained cylinders of compressed air.

Respirators

A filtering face piece respirator (FFP).

Half mask respirators with single and multiple cartridges.

Full face mask respirators with visor or individual eyepieces. Powered respirator with full face mask.

Ventilated visor and helmet.

BREATHING EQUIPMENT
Fresh air hose supplying a full face mask

Self contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) with a demand valve.

Full face mask with compressed air line and auxiliary filter.

A full suit supplied by compressed air line.

Lightweight Rubber Lead Apron Protective For Radiology

Specifications Type: Lead Rubber Jacket X-ray Lead apron size:1000*600mm and 900*600mm 0.35mmPb ,0.50mmPb Attention After the operation, lay the protective products flat or hang them up by coat hangers to avoid breach caused by a longtime fold and avoid radial leak. The medical X-ray protective clothing are made of natural rubber and yellow lead powder, covering with clothing when processing. The lead equivalent is: 0.25mmpb, 0.35mmpb, 0.5mmpb. They are mainly used for the protection of the X-ray.

Demron lightweight, leadfree radiationproof suit Full-body

May 9, 2008 Radiation Shield Technologies has been granted a new

patent for Demron, the protective garment that shields users from alpha and beta radiation, gamma rays, x-rays, and other nuclear emissions. The flexible, cool, and lightweight suit provides all the protection of a lead apron with a new level of comfort, and without any dermal or inhalation risks. Demron is roughly three to four times more expensive than a conventional lead apron, but can be treated like a normal fabric for cleaning, storage and disposal. Demron is a liquid metal that feels like fabric, and the suits are cool,lightweight and flexible, said Ronald DeMeo, president and CEO of Radiation Shield Technologies.

UKAEA standard pressurized suit

One-piece garment two-ply laminated 0.012 in (0.30 mm) translucent PVC with integral PVC feet over which short boots are worn.

The helmet is of 0-0.20 in (0.50 mm) PVC, the front two-thirds of which is transparent; it is welded to the neck of the suit.
The entry, at the back of the suit, is closed by a lock-fold comprising two zip fasteners (inner and outer) and held in position by a splash guard secured at its lower edge with buttons which are themselves protected. Air is supplied via a single air-line and led by a duct to a perforated false-top air distributor in the headpiece; a plastic foam cartridge 'silencer' is fitted in the duct. The supporting belt for an air-line and outlet arrangements is of 0065 in (1 65 mm) polythene and is situated inside the suit and its weight is borne by a sleeve attached to the inner surface of the suit. The weight of the suit is about 7-75 lb (3 5 kg). For hanging the suit, a moulded eyelet is welded on each shoulder.

An Air-conditioned anti-radiation suit used at the Hanford, Wash. Nuclear Site

This tearsheet [1] from Popular Science, shows a "girl" with a Geiger counter, in her airconditioned suit about to do her job at Hanford atomic site..

HURRICANE SUITS and HOODS

Radium Incorporated (Radium) developed

the ultimate personal cooling system for the nuclear power industry worker. Radium has developed a ruggedized suit with a patented (No. 7832396 ) cooling system that pumps a large volume of filtered air (HEPA) into the suit while forcing the hot air out. The system provides true worker mobility that does not require any hoses and/or external air sources. The suit can be worn by workers that wear respirators, powered air visors, Trend Air Shields, and/or any non-back mounted respiratory protection device. Radium offers two models of hood: Category 2 (CAT-2) model for back mounting and a Category 3 (CAT-3) model for head mounting.

Lead glass goggles

lead glass goggles are framed with soft,

pliable vinyl and held on the head securely by an adjustable strap. Four direct ventilators prevent fogging. Eye shielding is provided by a 2" x 4.25" single sheet of fluoroscopic quality lead glass. The 4.2 density glass will effectively eliminate more than 95% of direct radiation produced by gamma rays. Glass provides 2.00 mm lead equivalency.

Powder Free Radiation Attenuating Gloves

Reduced Exposure, Freedom of Movement,

Natural Latex Free provide increased protection from direct xray beam and scattered radiation more flexibility and greater touch sensitivity Applications include fluoroscopy, radioisotope handling, radiology and nuclear medicine. Because these gloves are powder-free, leadfree and latex-free, they offer a reduced risk of natural rubber latex allergies environmentally friendly alternative to leaded gloves.

The suit inward leakage test

The EN 1073-2 Standard/ EN 13982-2
Determines the barrier efficiency of the suit . Test particles: Sodium chloride (0.6 m) Six suits tested Test conditions: 3 min standing 3 min walking 3 min squatting 3 measurement probes: chest, waist and knee Results in: The results are then used to determine both a performance classification and a nominal protection factor. % inward leakage Highest % average leakage of the 3 activities (TILE) Overall % average inward leakage (TILA) Nominal protection factor = 100/ (TIL A) For EN 1073-2 , when tested according to EN 13982-2, six suits are tested.

a person wearing the protective suit enters a testing chamber. Beneath the protective suit, the person has three measuring probes attached (one on the chest, one at the waist and one at the knee). Sodium chloride particulates (average size of 0.6 microns) are distributed throughout the cabin, the wearer performs a series of three physical activities 3 minutes standing still 3 minutes on the spot walking (5km/h) 3 minutes squatting (at a rate of 5 squats per minute) Sodium chloride particulates that penetrate the protective suit are counted by the probes beneath the suit1. The amount of sodium chloride detected by each probe (per suit per exercise type) is expressed as a percentage ratio vs. the concentration of the external challenge of particulates. The results are then used to determine both a performance classification and a nominal protection factor.

Nominal Protection Factor & Performance Class (EN 1073-2 / EN 13982-2)

3 types of performance class to describe the suit particle protection level Class 1 = Lowest particle barrier Class 3 = Highest particle barrier

The Nominal Protection Factor is a slightly different way of expressing the

above inward leakage ratios. a suit which offers the highest protection to the fine particulates will have LOW inward leakage, and thus a HIGH nominal protection factor. To determine the performance classification, the total average inward leakage value per activity (standing, walking and squatting) is calculated (TILE). This value and also the Nominal protection factor are both considered in order to determine which performance class is attributed to the suit.