POLITEKNIK KOTA KINABALU JABATAN KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIKAL

CHAPTER 3: PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES

Review

the properties of pure substance the state of steam using the properties of pure substance

Analyze

Relate the ideal gas model to pure substances.

ANALYZE THE STATE OF STEAM USING THE

PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCE

Calculate saturation temperature and pressure, specific enthalpy, specific volume and dryness fraction. Draw and label the temperature specific enthalpy diagram for steam/water. Explain the process of steam throttling and the formation of flash steam and calculate property change or heat transfer rate involves Determine steam/water properties by referring to steam table, except supercritical. Determine the heat, work and internal energy for above process.

THE IMPORTANCE OF STEAM FOR HEAT TRANSFER AND POWER PRODUCTION.

PHASE AND PHASE CHANGES PROCESSES OF PURE SUBSTANCES.

The three phases of pure substances are: Solid Phase In the solid phase, the molecules are; closely bound, therefore relatively dense; and arranged in a rigid three-dimensional pattern so that they do not easily deform. An example of a pure solid state is ice. Liquid Phase In the liquid phase, the molecules are; closely bound, therefore also relatively dense and unable to expand to fill a space; but they are no longer rigidly structured so much so that they are free to move within a fixed volume. An example is a pure liquid state. Steam Phase In the steam phase, the molecules; virtually do not attract each other. The distance between the molecules are not as close as those in the solid and liquid phases; are not arranged in a fixed pattern. There is neither a fixed volume nor a fixed shape for steam.

PHASE AND PHASE CHANGES PROCESSES OF PURE SUBSTANCES.

a.) Solid Phase b.)Liquid Phase c.) Steam Phase

HEATING WATER AND STEAM AT CONSTANT PRESSURE

STATE 1 STATE 2 STATE 3 STATE 4 W

W W W

Liquid

Steam

Superheated Steam

As heat is added to the system, the pressure on the system is being kept constant by the weight of the piston. State 1: At this point, the steam and liquid are said to be saturated. State 2: As more heat is added, the liquid that was at saturation will start to vaporize until State 2. As long as liquid is present, the mixture is said to be wet steam, and both the liquid and steam are saturated. After all the liquid is vaporized, only steam is present at State 3, State4 - This state is called the superheated state, and the steam is said to be superheated steam.

Saturated and Superheated Steam

T, oC

300

Compressed or subcooled liquid (Between States 1 & 2) A liquid state in which the fluid remains entirely within the liquid state, and below the saturation 100 state.

Saturated liquid (State 2) All fluid is in the liquid state. addition of energy would result in the formation of some vapour.

Superheated steam (The right of State 3) All fluid is in the steam state and above the saturation state. The superheated steam temperature is greater than the saturation temperature corresponding to the pressure.
4

Superheated Saturated mixture 2 3 steam

Compressed liquid

20

Saturated Liquid-Steam or Wet Steam Region (Between States 2 & 3) Liquid and steam exist . together in a mixture

Saturated steam (State 3) All fluid is in the steam state, but even the slightest loss of energy from the system would result in the formation of some liquid.

v, m3/kg

Figure 3.2-1 T-v diagram for the heating process of water at constant pressure

Saturated and Superheated Steam

Summary of nomenclature: Compressed or subcooled liquid (Between States 1 & 2) A liquid state in which the fluid remains entirely within the liquid state, and below the saturation state.

Saturated liquid (State 2) All fluid is in the liquid state. However, even the slightest addition of energy would result in the formation of some vapour.

Saturated Liquid-Steam or Wet Steam Region (Between States 2 & 3) Liquid and steam exist together in a mixture.

Saturated steam (State 3) All fluid is in the steam state, but even the slightest loss of energy from the system would result in the formation of some liquid.

Superheated steam (The right of State 3) All fluid is in the steam state and above the saturation state. The superheated steam temperature is greater than the saturation temperature corresponding to the pressure.

P-V DIAGRAM OF CONSTANT PRESSURE PHASE

CHANGE PROCESSES OF A PURE SUBSTANCE AT VARIOUS PRESSURES FOR WATER.
T, oC Critical point P = 221.2 bar P = 150 bar

P = 80 bar 374.15

P = 10 bar
P = 5 bar P = 1.01325 bar

Saturated liquid

Saturated
steam v, m3/kg

0.00317

T-V DIAGRAM OF A PURE SUBSTANCE

Saturated liquid line

T
Dry saturated steam line Critical

point
P2 = const.
P2 > P1
COMPRESS LIQUID REGION

P1 = const.

SUPERHEATED
STEAM REGION

WET STEAM REGION

P-V DIAGRAM OF A PURE SUBSTANCE

Saturated liquid line

P
Dry saturated steam line Critical

point

SUPERHEATED STEAM REGION

COMPRESS LIQUID REGION WET STEAM REGION

T2 = const. T2 > T1 T1 = const.

DRYNESS FRACTION
x kg of steam
total mass = 1 kg

(1 - x ) kg of liquid

drynessfraction

mass of dry saturatedsteam total mass

msteam x mtotal

P-V DIAGRAM SHOWING THE LOCATION POINT OF THE

DRYNESS

Sat. steam Sat. liquid

P
x = 0.2

Sat. steam
Sat. liquid
x = 0.8

At point A, x = 0 At point B, x = 1 Between point A and B, 0 x 1.0 Note that for a saturated liquid, x = 0; and that for dry saturated steam, x = 1.
ts

vf

vg

Specific volume, v

For a wet steam,

The total volume of the mixture = (volume of liquid + volume of dry steam present) Now for 1 kg of wet steam, there are (1 x) kg of liquid and x kg of dry steam, where x is the

dryness fraction as defined earlier. Hence,

v = vf(1 x) + vgx

The volume of the liquid is usually negligibly small as compared to the volume of dry saturated steam. Hence, for most practical problems,

v = xvg
Where,

vf = specific volume of saturated liquid (m3/kg) vg = specific volume of saturated steam (m3/kg) x = dryness fraction

Specific enthalpy,h
H = U + PV (kJ) or, per unit mass h = u + Pv (kJ/kg)

The enthalpy of wet steam is given by the sum of the enthalpy of the liquid plus the enthalpy of the dry steam,

h = hf(1 x) + xhg h = hf + x(hg hf )

h = hf + xhfg
Where, hf = specific enthalpy of saturated liquid (kJ/kg) hg = specific enthalpy of saturated steam (kJ/kg) hfg = difference between hg and hf (that is, hfg = hg - hf )

Specific Internal Energy, u

u = uf(1 x) + xug

u = uf + x(ug uf )
Where, uf = specific enthalpy of saturated liquid (kJ/kg) ug = specific enthalpy of saturated steam (kJ/kg) ug uf = difference between ug and uf

Specific Entropy, s
The entropy of wet steam is given by the sum of the entropy of the liquid plus the entropy of the dry steam, s = sf(1 x) + xsg s = sf + x(sg sf )

s = sf + xsfg
Where, sf = specific enthalpy of saturated liquid (kJ/kg K) sg = specific enthalpy of saturated steam (kJ/kg K) sfg = difference between sg and sf (that is, sfg = sg - sf )

REMEMBER! These equations are used very often and are, therefore, important to remember!

v = xvg h = hf + xhfg u = uf + x(ug uf ) s = sf + xsfg

STEAM TABLES
Symbols p ts
vf vg uf ug hf hg hfg sf sg sfg

Description Absolute pressure of the fluid Saturation temperature corresponding to the pressure p bar m3/kg Specific volume of saturated liquid m3/kg Specific volume of saturated steam kJ/kg Specific internal energy of saturated liquid kJ/kg Specific internal energy of saturated steam kJ/kg Specific enthalpy of saturated liquid kJ/kg Specific enthalpy of saturated steam kJ/kg Change of specific enthalpy during evaporation kJ/kg K Specific entropy of saturated liquid kJ/kg K Specific entropy of saturated steam kJ/kg K Change of specific entropy during evaporation

Units bar oC

SATURATED WATER AND STEAM TABLES

Part 1 Part 1 refers to the values of temperature from 0.01oC to 100oC, Table below an example showing an extract from the temperature of 10oC.
t
0C

ps
bar 0.01227

vg
m3/kg 106.4

hf

hfg
kJ/kg

hg

sf

sfg
kJ/kg K

sg

10

42.0

2477.2

2519.2

0.151

8.749

8.900

Part 2 Part 2 (Page 3 to 5 of steam tables) is values of pressure from 0.006112 bar to 221.2 bar. Table below is an example showing an extract from the pressure of 1.0 bar.
p ts
oC

vg

uf

ug

hf

hfg

hg

sf

sfg

sg

bar

m3/kg
1.694

kJ/kg
417 2506

kJ/kg
417 2258 2675 1.303

kJ/kg K
6.056 7.359

1.0 99.6

EXAMPLE 3.1
Complete the following table for Saturated Water and Steam:

t
oC

Ps bar

vg m3/kg 206.1

hf

hfg kJ/kg

hg

sf

sfg kJ/kg K

sg

0.01 0.02337 100 1.01325

8.666

SOLUTION 3.1
t
oC

Ps bar 0.006566 0.02337 1.01325

vg m3/kg 192.6 57.84 1.673

hf

hfg kJ/kg

hg

sf

sfg kJ/kg K

sg

1 20 100

4.2 83.9 419.1

2498.3 2453.7 2256.7

2502.5 2537.6 2675.8

0.015 0.296 1.307

9.113 8.370 6.048

9.128 8.666 7.355

REMEMBER! These equations are used very often and are, therefore, important to remember!

v = xvg h = hf + xhfg u = uf + x(ug uf ) s = sf + xsfg

STEAM TABLE
Symbols p ts vf vg uf ug hf Units bar
oC

Description Absolute pressure of the fluid Saturation temperature corresponding to the pressure p bar Specific volume of saturated liquid Specific volume of saturated steam Specific internal energy of saturated liquid Specific internal energy of saturated steam Specific enthalpy of saturated liquid

m3/kg m3/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg

hg
hfg sf sg

kJ/kg
kJ/kg kJ/kg K kJ/kg K

Specific enthalpy of saturated steam

Change of specific enthalpy during evaporation Specific entropy of saturated liquid Specific entropy of saturated steam

sfg

kJ/kg K

Change of specific entropy during evaporation

These steam tables are divided into two types: Type 1: Saturated Water and Steam (Page 2 to 5 of steam tables) Type 2: Superheated Steam (Page 6 to 8 of steam tables)

SATURATED WATER AND STEAM TABLES

The table of the saturation condition is divided into two parts.

Part 1 Part 1 refers to the values of temperature from 0.01 oC to 100oC, followed by values that are suitable for the temperatures stated in the table. Table 8.4.1-1 is an example showing an extract from the temperature of 10 oC.
Table 3.4.1-1
t
0C

Saturated water and steam at a temperature of 10 oC

ps
bar 0.01227

vg
m3/kg 106.4

hf

hfg
kJ/kg

hg

sf

sfg
kJ/kg K

sg

10

42.0

2477.2

2519.2

0.151

8.749

8.900

TEMPERATURE SPECIFIC ENTHALPY DIAGRAM FOR STEAM/WATER

LABEL THE TEMPERATURE SPECIFIC ENTHALPY DIAGRAM FOR STEAM/WATER

Table 4.3

Superheated steam at a pressure of 10 bar

SUPERHEATED STEAM TABLES

A steam is called superheated when its temperature is greater than the saturation temperature corresponding to the pressure. Degree of superheat = tsuperheat tsaturation
p (ts) t 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 600

vg 0.1944 10 (179.9) ug 2584 hg 2778 sg 6.586

v u h s

0.2061 0.2328 0.2580 0.2825 0.3065 0.3303 0.3540 0.4010 2623 2829 6.695 2711 2944 6.926 2794 3052 7.124 2875 3158 7.301 2957 3264 7.464 3040 3370 7.617 3124 3478 7.761 3297 3698 8.028