Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Leo SaLemi
September 2008
What is it?
Definitions of Instrumentation from the Web: The use of rods, screws, plates, hooks, wires, bolts, etc. to correct and stabilize abnormalities of the spine. The art of composing, orchestrating, or arranging for an instrumental ensemble. An electrical or pneumatic device placed in the field to provide measurement and/or control capabilities for the system.
Controlling Means
Simple Closed Loop Control PID Loop tuning
Resources
Text Book:
Industrial Control Electronics 3rd edition by Terry Bartelt, Published by Thompson (Delmar Learning) ISBN 1 4018 6292 6
ISA (Instrumentation, Systems, and Automation Society) The International Society for Automation - Setting the Standard for Automation
www.isatoronto.org
Automation Technology
Instrumentation plays an important role in almost every aspect of Automation Technology.
Measurement
Things that are measured include: Pressure, temperature, level, flow, humidity, speed, motion, position, weight, density, conductivity, pH, light, quality, quantity, and more. Devices that process or do the measuring are called: Sensors, transducers, transmitters, indicators, displays, recorders, data loggers, and data acquisition systems.
Controllers
These are the devices that do the controlling: Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) Programmable Automation Controllers (PAC) Distributed Control Systems (DCS) Proportional, Integral, Derivative (PID) Controllers Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) Building Automation Controllers (BAC) Energy Management Systems (EMS)
Control Elements
These are the devices the controller operates:
Pneumatic valves, solenoid valves, rotary valves, motors, switches, relays, variable frequency drives.
Desired Result
Heating Element
Heating Element
Level Process
The control objective is to maintain a constant liquid level of oil inside the tank (e.g. 100 gallons +/- 20 gallons). The hand valve is opened and closed as required to maintain the desired tank level.
Oil Stock
Level Indicator
Oil Stock
Level Indicator
Control Agent
Desired Result
Actuating Input
(transmitter)
Process equilibrium (balance) is when the input energy maintains the output at a constant desired point.
Control Agent
Desired Result
Actuating Input
(transmitter)
Measuring Means
Pressure Strain gauge Piezo-electric Capacitance Bourdon Tube
Transmitters
Level
Flow
Mechanical Floats Guided Wave Weight (load cell) Ultrasonic Differential Pressure
Pressure Transmitter
Level Transmitter
Differential Pressure Cell Flow Transmitter
Current 4 20 mA 0 20 mA 10 50 mA Voltage
05V
Temperature pH Humidity Density Speed Thermocouples RTDs / Thermistors Filled Systems Bi-metallic Head meters (orifice, venturi) Coriolis, velocity, Mass,
Temperature Transmitter
Desired Result
Actuating Input
(transmitter)
Manipulated Variable
PROCESS
Controlled Variable
(Temperature, pressure, level, flow)
pH, conductivity, humidity, density, consistency, etc.
Control Agent
Desired Result
Measuring Means
(transmitter)
Automatic
Manual
CONTROLLING MEANS Controller Output (3-15 psi, 4-20mA etc) SP Controller Input (PV) (3-15psi, 4-20mA etc)
Controlling Means
Controllers provide the required control action to position the FCE at a point necessary to maintain the PV at the desired SP. PID (single loop feedback controller) DCS (distributed controllers) PLC (programmable logic controllers)
1.
Temperature Transmitter
2.
3 1 4
3.
Sensing Bulb
4.
Heat Exchanger
Summary
Process automation makes use of instrumentation to maintain the process at some desired condition. Common instrumentation used in a process loop are the measuring means (usually transmitters), the controlling means (usually a PID controller), and the Final Control Element (usually some type of valve) The measuring means provides the feedback signal (PV) used in the process loop. The controlling means operates the FCE based on the difference between the PV and the SP. Process equilibrium is maintained when the difference between the PV and SP is zero or constant (offset?)
NEXT?
What are What is PID? transmitters? What are P&ID symbols? What types of FCE are there? What am I doing here?
What is a?
How do I tune a loop? Check out FIC TT What is Integral action? LRC PRV Should I use a 3-15 psi or 4-20 mA valve?
How do I measure?