PGDM- BATCH-B,GROUP NO:4

RENUKA.R.NARAYAN-FK-2508
MANISHA MANILAL-FK-2510 M.D. ANANTUR RAHMAN-FK-2507

JAISE-FK-2513
JITHIN PETER MIDHUN PAILY

TOPIC
IMPORTANCE OF UPKEEPING OF FOREST,RIVER

AND RIVER BASINS

FOREST

FOREST
A forest, also referred to as a wood or the woods, is

an area with a high density of trees.

IMPORTANCE OF FOREST
Purify the air
Provide us fuel and timber Industries

Causes rains
Prevents floods Prevent soil erosion Keeps up the natural balance Making medicines

TYPES OF FOREST
Evergreen Tropical forests
Deciduous Forests Thorny Forests or Desert Forests

Coniferous Forests
Mangrove Forests

DEFORESTATION

DEFORESTATION
Clearing earth's forests on a massive scale, often

resulting in damage to the quality of the land. One of the critical threats in the 21st century. There are several ways to clear forest -o Burning o Clear-cutting the land

REASONS..

CAUSES OF DEFORESTATION
Logging
Urban construction

Used for fuel

Cattle ranching

Agriculture: Cash crops

Local, National, and

International factors

EFFECTS OF DEFORESTATION
Soil erosion Pollution Lack of pure oxygen

Environmental Imbalance
Imbalance in the Food Chain

of the Ecosystem. Global Warming

IMPORTANCE OF TREES
Taking in CO2 and releasing oxygen;
Releasing carbon and mineral elements Absorbing moisture for growth and releasing it as vapor through transpiration

Preventing erosion by reducing the force of rainfall at the soil surface

Harboring a diversity of wildlife Acting as windbreaks Providing us with shade and beauty on a largely agricultural and urban landscape

CATCHMENT AREA
Catchment is the area from which a water body

receives its share of rain water. It is more specifically a drainage basin or watershed servicing a body of water.

CATCHMENT FACTORS
1)Topography: Topography determines the speed with which the runoff will reach a river. 2)size: Size will help determine the amount of water reaching the river, as the larger the catchment the greater the potential for flooding.

conti.
3)shape: Shape will contribute to the speed with which the runoff reaches a river.

Conti
4)Soil type: Soil type will help determine how much water reaches the river. 5)Land use: Land use can contribute to the volume of water reaching the river.

Soils That Filter Water Best

Water filtration is a natural part of the water cycle. When water in lakes, rivers, and the seas is heated by the sun, some of it becomes water vapor and rises into the atmosphere as clouds. The air cools the water vapor, which falls back to Earth as rain. The rain is filtered through the soil and becomes part of the water table. As the water seeps through layers of rocks and soil, they remove impurities from the water

RIVER
Natural watercourse
Flowing towards an ocean, a lake, a sea

or another river Part of hydrological cycles Potamology is the scientific study of rivers

Water
Carry water & nutrients to all area around the world.

Acts as drainage channels for surface water.

Drains nearly 75% of earths land surface.

Habitat
Provide excellent habitat & food for earths organisms. Many rare plants & trees grow by rivers.

Ducks, voles etc makes their homes at river banks.

Transport
Provide travel routes for exploration, commerce &

recreation.

Farming
River valleys & plains provide fertile soils. Farmers in dry regions irrigate cropland using water from

nearby rivers.

Energy
Is an important energy source. Early industrial mills, factories etc were built nearby to

rivers because water is used to power machines.

DIFFERENT SOURCES OF RIVERS

Springs
Some rivers begin where a natural spring releases water

from underground.

Rainfall & Melting snow

Rain water or snowmelt collects and forms small channels. At first, the channels are small and are called rills. As more water enters the channels they grow

forming gullies.

Lakes
In some places lake is a source. The source of the River Nile is Lake Victoria, in Burundi.

Bogs
In some places, rain water can't sink into the ground as

because it is too wet & forms bogs.

ORIGIN POINT OF MAJOR RIVERS OF INDIA

THE HIMALAYAN AND THE KARAKORAM RANGES
VINDHYA AND SATPURA RANGES SAHYADRI OR WESTERN GHATS IN WESTERN

INDIA

MAJOR RIVERS OF INDIA

(1)The Himalayan river a)Ganges river b)Indus river c)Brahmaputra river (2)The peninsular river

Why ganga and Yamuna is still dirty!!

New Delhi, March 11 (IANS) The government has spent

over Rs.8 billion in the last three years. The state governments do not have adequate resources in maintenance of assets created under the NRCP (National River Conservation Plan). This leads to under-utilisation of the assets created and reflects poorly on the impact of the works done.

DESTRUCTION OF GANGA RIVER

Pollution of the Ganges has become so serious that

bathing in and drinking its water has become very dangerous. The major polluting industry along the Ganges is the leather industry especially near Kanpur, from which Chromium and other chemicals leak into the river.

SOLUTION FOR GANGA RIVER

The Ganga Action Plan (GAP) was set up in 1985 by

the Indian government with British and Dutch support to build a number of waste treatment facilities.

RIVER POLLUTION
Many towns and factories are built near rivers so that they can use water from the river.
Pollution can be in a variety of forms:

* Rubbish like crisp packets, newspaper and bags. * Oil. * Poisonous substances. * Human waste etc.

CAUSES OF POLLUTION
Agriculture
Farmers put fertilizers and pesticides on their crops. Factories

Dirty water containing chemicals is put back in the

river. People

RIVER MANAGEMENT
Rivers are often managed or controlled to make them more useful, or less disruptive, to human Activity: a)Dams or weirs b)Levees c)canals

RIVER BASINS

DEFINITION
A river basin is the entire area drained by a river including its tributaries.

TYPES OF DRAINAGE SYSTEM

1)Dendritic drainage system.

2)Parallel drainage System.

Cont..
3)Trellis drainage System 4)Rectangular drainage system

FEATURES OF RIVER BASINS

Tributaries A Watershed

A confluence
Source Mouth

IMPORTANCE OF RIVER BASINS

GEOPOLITICAL BOUNDARIES
HYDROLOGY GEOMORPHOLOGY ECOLOGY

MAJOR THREATS TO RIVER BASINS

Construction of large dams
Deforestation and loss of natural habitats including

wetlands Excessive water abstraction for agricultural irrigation, domestic consumption and urban/industrial use. Long-term changes in rainfall, river flow and underground water supplies due to climate change.

HUMAN IMPACT
Excessive nutrients load. High amounts of organic substances originating

from untreated or poorly treated wastewater. Changes in river flow patterns Contamination with hazardous substances Accidental pollution Degradation and loss of wetlands.

GANGA RIVER BASIN

CHALAKUDY RIVER BASIN