Biofuel from Jatropha

Presented by Omkar Shukla Pankaj Tirkey Neha Sathish

Background
Current ways of energy use is unsustainable. Demand for renewable energy sources is expected to rise in future. Biofuel gaining worldwide popularity since first manufactured in Europe. U.S promoting industrial biofuel to solve climate crisis. Small scale biofuel projects sprouting in rural communities.
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What is Biofuel?
Liquid fuel produced from plant products. Category : Biodiesel, ethanol, methanol, pure vegetable oil. An alternative to petroleum based fuel. Biodiesel feed stocks : 1. Palm 2. Coconut 3. Jatropha Curcas 4. Rapeseed/Mustard seed 5. Sunflower
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6. Corn 7. Soybean 8. Peanuts 9. Algae 10.Used restaurant oil 11.Animal fats

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How is biofuel made?

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Can Biofuels work sustainably?

At the local level in isolated rural communities with
Intermingled with development projects. Effective government policies to protect farmers from competition Decentralised.

Small scale biodiesel plants in developing countries led to

Rural electrification Improving irrigation and agriculture Job creation Women empowerment Jatropa as Biofuel

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Power to local community Self sufficiency

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Jatropa as Biofuel

Jatropha Curcas!!!

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Why Jatropha Curcas?

Jatropha curcas is a hardy oilseed bearing tree. Centre of Origin in Central America. Commonly used in tropical growing areas as a hedge and source of oil. Can tolerate some drought spells. A plant of many revenue opportunities oil, power generation, animal feed and fertiliser Strong global demand for a sustainable energy product, will help countries/ industries meet climate treaty requirements.
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Jatropha curcas has high sustainability potential: Can be mixed or intercropped alongside existing vegetables/grains, resulting in additional and balanced cash income for farmers. Potential GHG savings of up to 66%. Jatropha curcas remains to be domesticated.

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Requirements of Jatropha Cultivation

Like any crop cultivated to produce a harvest, Jatropha curcas also needs: Proper management: Planting techniques Pruning Disease and Pest control Selection of optimal cultivation zones Proper Genetics selection: Commercial cultivar development Adapted cultivars for target growing areas
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Contd
Proper Crop inputs: Watermanagement Fertilization

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Growing conditions
Temp Range Min 15C Max 35 C Optimum Temp 20-26 C Rain 625 mm/yr (300 2380 mm/yr) pH 5.0 6.5 Soil Rocky, Sandy or Clay Well drained without flooding Adapts to many soil types even salty soil
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Seeds
Use Jatropha Seeds (produced and harvested for planting purposes) instead of Jatropha grain (found on or under any Jatropha tree). Best germination when harvested at right time and dried in the shade. Improved varieties are expected soon. Important to look at seed moisture content when storing seeds. Handheld moisture meter calibrated for Jatropha. Optimal moisture content for storage around 7%
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Seedbed and seedlings

Adequate protection of plants in seedling nursery against pests. Seedbeds should be deep enough for taproot to develop. If Poly bags are used: Should be tall enough (minimum 30 cm). Right type of compost

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Quality of planting practice is extremely important

J-rooted plant will survive but not grow

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Pruning and Pinching

Early pruning to induce branching. Never prune in winter but at start of new season.

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Uses of Jatropha

Crude Oil

Biodiesel Briquettes Animal Feed

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Jatropha Grains

Hulls SeedCake
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Benefits
The oil is being extensively used for making soap in some countries because it has a very high saponification value. The oil is used as an illuminant as it burns without emitting smoke. The latex of Jatropha curcas contains an alkaloid known as Jatrophine which is believed to have cancerous properties.
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Contd
From the bark of Jatropha Curcas a dark blue dye is produced which is used for colouring cloth, fishing nets etc. The byproduct of Jatropha seeds contain high nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium which is used for fish foods, domestic animals food nd in lands as fertilizer.

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Advantages of biodiesel fuel

An excessive production of soya beans in the world makes it an economic way to utilise this surplus for manufacturing the biodiesel fuel. Less polluting than petroleum. Lack of sulphur in 100% biodiesel extends the life of catalytic converters. Can also be blended with other energy resources and oil.
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Contd
Used in existing oil heating system and diesel engines without making any alterations. Can be distributed through existing diesel fuels. Lubricating property of biodiesel may lengthen the life time of engines.

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Disadvantages
One and half times more expensive than petroleum. Requires energy to produce biodiesel fuel from Soy crops, plus there is the energy of sowing, fertilising and harvesting. Can harm rubber hoses in some engines. Cleans dirt from the bio engine and this can be collected in the fuel filter thus clogging it.
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Contd
Distribution infrastructure needs improvement.

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Major Issues & Concerns

a. Land Available revenue wasteland is less than reported Significant portions encroached, under forest cover, diverted etc. Many plots unfit due to poor soil depth, steep slope etc To meet estimated 5% blending requirement by 2017, approx. 3 million ha will have to be brought under cultivation Formation of compact clusters difficult due to small & scattered plots
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b. Uncertainty in Yield Nation wide survey of existing plantations in six climatic zones: seed yield varying from 350 to 1700 gm /plant Non availability of certified planting materials (seeds/saplings) c. Plant Health Jatropha, contrary to earlier reports of hardy nature, is prone to disease and infestations. Remedial actions add to the plantation costs d. Availability of labour Getting labour in adequate nos. in the plantation
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season is difficult since it coincides with that of sustenance food crops. e. Rainfall/irrigation: Availability of water in marginal lands is limited and expensive f. Costs Actual cost of plantation is higher than envisaged Major Contributors to increase in costs Irrigation Costs of Agri-inputs Labour rate & No of Mandays
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g. Logistics: Major Issues & Concerns High logistics cost due to small & scattered plots - non formation of clusters h. Harvesting: The staggered ripening pattern of Jatropha fruits also adds to the harvesting costs Diversion of produce after harvesting could occur & initiator may not get its due

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Jatropha in India
Green areas indicate good Jatropha cultivation potential . Red areas are fertile agricultural lands unlikely to be used for Jatropha cultivation. Pink areas are deserts with poor growing conditions
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Live example of use of Jatropha in India

On December 31, 2002, IR used B5 in a test run of the prestigious Shatabdi Express. The test revealed no adverse effect on hauling capacity, no unusual deposits on the filters, and no deterioration of the condition of the fuel injection system. In May 2004, following the positive results of the initial laboratory and field trials, IR ran a test using B10 to operate the Jan-Shatabadi express for five days. IR observed no adverse effects in terms of hauling capacity, lube oil consumption, engine performance, or filter deposits. Additionally, fuel injection pumps and
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In 2003, IR signed a 15-year memorandum of understanding with the IOC to provide about 500 hectares of land to the IOC for the plantation of Jatropha to generate oil for processing into biodiesel (Ministry of Railways 2003). The IOC will direct the plantation and cultivation of Jatropha, oil extraction, and transesterification aspects of the project. One of the pilot projects goals is to develop better baseline data on plant growth, seed yield, oil yield, and biodiesel production and performance. In total, IR seeks to have Jatropha planted on about 43,000 hectares of its land and will begin operating on blends of 1-5% with expansion up to 20% depending on field experience.
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In addition to the IOC agreement, IR is also considering establishing a set of transesterification plants to produce biodiesel for use by its zonal railways. The Southern Railway, headquartered in Chennai, owns a transesterification plant and operates two diesel locomotives on B5. The Northern Railway, headquartered in New Delhi, recently set up two transesterification plants and will begin field trials with 3,000 kiloliters of B10. The Southeastern and Northeast Frontier Railways are also operating trains on B10. The Railway Board is requesting proposals for the supply of 50,000 kiloliters of biodiesel .If biodiesel blending is fully integrated into IR operations in the future
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future, diesel fuel savings could range from 100 million liters per year for B5 to 400 million liters per year for B20.

Acronyms used :
B5 B10 B20 B100 IOC 5% biodiesel blend with diesel 10% biodiesel blend with diesel 20% biodiesel blend with diesel 100% biodiesel (neat biodiesel) Indian Oil Corporation Ltd
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IndianOil Biofuels Projects

Chhattisgarh

Objective: Production of 30 MMTPA of Biodiesel (Model : Captive Jatropha Plantation on 30,000 ha of revenue wasteland) Joint Venture Company with Chhattisgarh Renewable Energy Development Authority (CREDA) with 74% stake to IndianOil IndianOil CREDA Biofuels Limited Plantation completed on about 4200 hectares in Chattisgarh
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Project activities- Chhattisgarh

Nursery Site, Raipur

Pit digging, Bilaspur

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Uttar Pradesh
Objective: Production of 35 MMTPA of Biodiesel (Model : Jatropha Plantation on 50,000 ha of panchayat wasteland )

IndianOil Ruchi Biofuels LLP incorporated this year

Plantation commenced in Jhansi & Lalitpur (2010) Major project funding from MNREGS through Jeevan Jyoti Yojana (JJY) of GoUP
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Madhya PradeshPilot Project IndianOil Biofuels Projects Objective: To assess possibility of revenue land based commercial Biodiesel unit and develop benchmarks for plantation costs and output (Model: Captive plantation on 2000 ha of revenue wasteland )

1 year old Jatropha plants in Jhabua

Plantation completed on about 300 hectares of land in Jhabua
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Steps to initiate pilot projects in rural communities

Mobilise community groups , e.g. 10 to 15 households Awareness workshops including gender sensitivity. Engage local men and women in interactive dialogue and discussions Install irrigation pump and oil expeller for each community group. Provide skill training and instructional manuals. Form village energy committee. Encourage household to plant Jatropha plants in
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Contd
their private wastelands or in poorer sections of their field, e.g. on the borders of fields. Conduct technical and business skill training to women from preparing organic fertiliser from oil cake to producing vegetable cash crops to sell in market. Establish a small micro finance bank so villagers can take loans.
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References
Wikipedia Technical Report NREL/TP-6A2-44428 Revised March 2009 Vincent Volckaert Regional Manager Africa D1 Oils Plant Science ( Powerpoint Presentation) Indian Oil Corporation website and Powerpoint presentation.
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