Introduction

1.1 Continental drift 1.2 Development plate tectonics 1.3 Plate boundaries 1.4 Plate motions 1.5 Approaches of plate tectonics

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1.1 Continental Drift

Geosyncline theory

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 Geosyncline theory developed by James Hall in

mid of 19 th century. Geologic feature on the surface of the earth involving vertical movement of the crust.

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 The geosyncline hypothesis is an obsolete

concept that has been replaced by plate tectonics to explain crustal movement and geologic features (Wikipedia).

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 Continental Drift and Support Evidences

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 Continental drift
Antonio Sniper Pelligrini, 1858.

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Break up of super continent Pangaea (Alfred Wegener, 1915).

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 Paleontology

Paleontological evidences to support theory of continental drift (L Motz).

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 Rocks and geological structures

South America fix well with South Afica; rocks and geological structure go continuously through both continents (P Hurley).

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 Glaciation and direction of movements

Arrows showing direction of galcial movement by the end of Paleozoic in India and Austrlia, S. America and S. Africa.
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Reconstruction of these continents showing reasonable locations around south pole.

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 Paleoclimatic records

Continents reconstruction based on deposits in different climatic areas (APPG)

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1.2 Development of the theory of plate tectonics

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 Geology of the Ocean Floor : modern technologies

give details of oceanic morphology.

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 Paleomagnetism

Convection cells inside the earth generate an electrical current which in turn produces a magnetic field
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 Apparent Polar Wandering

Polar wandering curves of Europe and N America having similar shape, separated in Cambrian but came close and meet at north pole at current time. Project these apparent poles to show only one reasonable case: fixed pole and drifting continents.
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 Patterns of Magnetic Reversal on the Seafloor

Magnetic reversal throughout geologic times (Cox, Dalrymple).

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 Magnetic Reversal Patterns

Magmatic reversals recorded as plates move away from the ridge, also in rich Fe sediment deposits in continents
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 Ocean ages

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 Evidences of Sediments on the Sea Floor

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 Plate Geography

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1.3 Plate Boundaries

- Divergent plate
boundary:
boundary:

constructive; - Convergent plate destructive; - Transform fault

boundary.

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 Divergent plate boundaries

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 Convergent plate boundaries

A Convergence of two oceanic plate:

Philippine Islands.

B Convergence of an oceanic plate and continental plate: South America.

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C Convergence of two continental plates:

Hymalaya.

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 Transform fault Boundaries

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1.4 Plate Motions Mechanism

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 Driving Mechanisms for Plate Tectonics

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 Motions of tectonic plates have been confirmed

by scientific researches : NUVEL 1A, 2A ....

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 Tectonics: Earthquakes and Volcanoes Alan

Jones

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1.5 Approaches of Plate Tectonics

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