SCAN THE HEAVENS WITH HUBBLE

Presented
by
Nayan Raj J
(1MJ05TE03
 Introduction
 Hubble Space Telescope
(HST) is located in space.

 Cooperative program of
ESA & NASA.

 Takes amazing pictures of

our universe which are not
seen from ground based
telescope
 Destination of the Mission
Gather information for
Image of Hubble in teams of scientists
space. studying virtually all the
constituents of our
universe, including
planets, stars,
starforming regions of
the Milky Way galaxy,
distant galaxies and
quasars, and the tenuous
hydrogen gas lying
between the galaxies.
 Time Line of Mission
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Configuration of HST
What does HST see??
 How image gets to Earth?
 HST receives the
starlight

 This data is transferred

to TDRS

 TDRS sends the data to

its companion ground
station at White Sands,
NM
How image gets to Earth? (cont..)

 GSFC formats the data

for delivery to STScI

 STScI is responsible
for calibrating the data
and providing them to
the astronomer who
requested the
observations
Hubble takes amazing images...
 Current and planned
science instruments

 Wide Field Planetary Camera 2.

 Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph.
 Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object
Spectrometer.
 Advanced Camera for Surveys
 Fine Guidance Sensors.
 Cosmic Origins Spectrograph.
 Wide Field Camera 3
Wide Field Planetary camera 2
(WFPC2)
 WFPC2 is basically 4
cameras

 Consists of L-shaped
wide field sensors

 Most of pic available

today is taken by this
camera

 WFPC2 will be replaced

by WFC3 in 2009
 Space Telescope Imaging
Spectrograph (STIS)
 SITS used to spread
the lights

 Spreading allows to
determine properties of
celestial objects

 Uses 3 detectors

 Capability for 2
dimensional
spectroscopy
 Near Infrared camera & Multi-
object spectrometer (NICMOS)
 Mainly used for infrared
imaging

 Infrared detectors are

HgCdTe arrays

 NICMOS must operate

at very cold temp, hence
it is kept inside dewar
 Advanced Camera for Surveys
(ACS)
 Provides deep, wide- field
survey capability in visible,
IR & UV regions

 Designed to achieve a factor

of 10 in DE improvement
compared to WFPC2

 Detectors used in ACS is

Charged Coupled Devices
(CCD)

 Most heavily used Hubble

instrument
Fine Guidance Sensors
(FGS)

 It is a integral part
of HST’s Pointing
control System
(PCS)

 Has 2 observing
mode
v. Position mode
vi. Transfer mode
 Cosmic Origin Spectrograph
(COS)
 To be installed on HST
during 2009 servicing
mission

 Used for observing faint

source ultraviolet light

 Has far & near UV

channel
Wide Field Camera 3
(WFC3)

 Will be installed in
HST during 2009
service mission

 WFC3 has 2
camera channels
v. UVIS channel
vi. IR channel
Previously Flown Instruments

 Faint Object Spectrograph.

 Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph.
 Corrective Optics Space Telescope
Axial Replacement.
 Faint Object Camera.
 High Speed Photometer.
Faint Object Spectrograph (FOS)

 Replaced by NICMOS
in 1997

 Uses 512 element

Digicon sensors

 There are 2 mode of

operation:
vii. Low resolution.
viii. High resolution.
Goddard High Resolution
Spectrograph (GHRS)
 Replaced by STIS.

 Uses 521 element

Digicon sensors

 Has 3 modes of
operation:
vii. Low resolution.
viii. Medium resolution.
ix. High resolution.
 Corrective Optics Space
Telescope Axial Replacement
(COSTAR)
 Costar is not a science
instrument

 Designed to optically
correct the effects of
primary mirror’s
aberration on FOC,
HRS,& FOS

 It is no longer needed
Faint Object Camera (FOC)

 Developed by ESA

 Uses 2 detectors

 FOC offered 3 diff

focal ratios: f/48,
f/96, f/288.
 The Science of Hubble
It is not even remotely possible to cover all the science that Hubble has done in a
single presentation. Tens of thousands of papers and hundreds of books have been
written based on HST data, and every day generates 20 GB of data. Astronomers
will be mining this resource for generations to come.
 Hubble’s greatest
achievements

Beginning
 Dark Energy  Powerful stellar
 Age of the Universe explosions
 Baby galaxies  Source of quasar

with
 Chemical makeup of light
extra-solar planets  Forming Planets
 Black holes in galaxies  Comet impact on

Dark Energy Jupiter

 Deaths of stars
What is the Universe made of?
Ordinary matter is only part of the
story…

96% of the Universe is something else

The Universe is speeding up!
The universe is expanding faster
today than it did in early times

This expansion cannot be caused

by ordinary or dark matter,
which slows expansion.

The acceleration suggests a new

repulsive force (anti-gravity)
acting on very large scales
 The New Force Is Called
“Dark Energy”
 Dark energy accounts for 73% of the content
of the universe
 Dark matter accounts for 23%
 The content we’re familiar with is only 4%
 What is Dark Energy?

We don’t know
Identifying what dark
energy is requires bigger
telescopes and new
techniques
 Planets around
other stars
 Ground-based telescopes find planets
 Hubble can measure their chemical makeup
 sodium, hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen in the atmosphere of a
Jupiter-sized planet
 Does life exist on extra-solar planets?
 Hubble also measured the masses of two distant worlds
 One is the oldest known planet - 13 billion years
 Monster
Black
Holes

 The centers of galaxies contain black holes with

masses millions to billions times that of our Sun.
 Big galaxies contain big black holes, small galaxies
have small black holes.
 Black holes may grow with their galaxies,
feasting on gas and stars swirling around the
hearts of those galaxies.
 Biggest
Booms
Gamma ray bursts
are the most
powerful explosions
in the universe

 Hubble showed that these brief, bright flashes

come from distant galaxies forming stars at
enormously high rates
 The "bursts“ are the collapse of massive stars
 A nearby gamma ray burst would burn away the
ozone in Earth's atmosphere
 The Age
of the
Universe

 One of Hubble's key observations

 Age is found using 2 independent methods
 Hubble narrowed the age to 13 - 14 billion years
 Quasar
Light
Quasars are no larger
than our solar system
but outshine galaxies
of hundreds of billions
of stars.

 Hubble tracked down the "homes" of quasars,

proving that these dynamos reside in the centers
of galaxies
 Quasars are massive black holes swallowing stars
and has from their host galaxies
 Planetary Nebulae: A Sun-like star's death
is a colorful event. Such stars die gracefully
by ejecting their outer gaseous layers into
space. The outer layers glow in vibrant colors
of red, blue, and green. Hubble revealed the
details of this process, showing that the
shapes of planetary nebulae are quite
complex.

Stellar Deaths
Supernovae: Massive stars end in
glorious explosions. Hubble found three
mysterious rings of material encircling a
doomed star that exploded as a
supernova in 1987. During the years
since the eruption, Hubble spied
brightened spots on the middle ring
caused by material ejected from the
explosion slamming into it.
Estimated Cost of the Mission
 Initially Hubble cost $1.5 billion
to build and put into orbit.

 Hubble's total budget in one

year is in the range $230-250
million. That money does more
than simply keep Hubble
operating on a daily basis. In
addition to operational costs,
the total dollar figure includes
funds for scientific data
analysis, as well as for the
development of future hardware
and its associated software.

 The concept of servicing Hubble

to upgrade its instruments
rather than launching a whole
new telescope has saved billions
of dollars.
 Conclusion
 Hubble is one of NASA's most successful and long-lasting science missions. It
has beamed hundreds of thousands of images back to Earth, shedding light on
many of the great mysteries of astronomy. Its gaze has helped determine the
age of the universe, the identity of quasars, and the existence of dark energy.

 Eventually, Hubble's time will end. In the years after servicing mission, Hubble's
components will slowly degrade to the point at which the telescope stops
working.

 When that happens, Hubble will continue to orbit the Earth until its orbit
decays, allowing it to spiral toward Earth. Astronauts or a robotic mission could
either bring Hubble back to Earth or crash it safely into the ocean.

 But Hubble's legacy — its discoveries, its trailblazing design, its success in

showing us the universe in unparalleled detail — will live on. Scientists will rely on
Hubble's revelations for years as they continue in their quest to understand the
cosmos — a quest that has attained clarity, focus, and triumph through Hubble's
rich existence.
Thank You