Genus Corynebacterium

Corynebacterium diptheriae
Diphtheria Bacteria Kleb Loefflers Bacillus Causes DIPTHERIA Pathognomonic sign of diptheria : PSEUDOMEMBRANE

Biochemical Characteristics
Nitrate Red (+), except var. mitis Urease (-) Catalase (+) Ferements glucose and maltose but not sucrose

Cultural Characteristics
Narrow zone of hemolysis on BAP CULTURE MEDIA FOR C. diptheriae Potassium Tellurite Agar for primary isolation; colonies are gray black Cystine Tellurite Blood Agar(CTBA) preferred isolation medium; gunmetal gray colonies Loefflers Coagulated Serum stimulates production of metachromatic granules PAIs Coagulated Egg Medium enhances pleomorphism and granule formation Tinsdale Medium

Three Varieties of C. diptheriae

GRAVIS large, flat, dark gray colonies with irregular edges and radial striations - ferments starch and glycogen MITIS - fried egg appearance on BAP - on CTBA, colonies are black, convex, and moist with bleach-like odor - does not ferment starch and glycogen INTERMEDIUS small & black - does not ferment glycogen and starch

Toxigenecity Test
In-vitro animal Inoculation test uses guinea pig ELEK Test in vitro test (+) result : line of precipitation SCHICK Test- susceptibility test to diptheria - involves subcutaneous injection of C. diptheriae toxin

Corynebacterium ulcerans
Highly pleomorphic; More pleomorphic and with fewer metachromatic granules than C. diptheriae Growth similar with that of C. diptheriae on Tellurite agar Grows well on Loefflers and PAIs media Diseases: mastitis in cattle, diptheria-like infection in man

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
Formerly known as C. ovix Disease : rare cause of lymphadenitis following contact with infected livestock

FAMILY ENTEROBACTERIOCEAE
Lactose Fermenters Escherichia coli Klebsiella pneumoniae Enterobacter aerogenes

 Non-Lactose Fermenter Salmonella Shigella Proteus Yersinea Late Lactose Fermenter Arizona Citrobacter

 Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) - an important cause of diarrhea in infants and travelers in underdeveloped countries or regions of poor sanitation TWO TYPES OF ETEC Toxins 1. heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) -similar in molecular size, sequence, antigenicity, and function to the cholera toxin (Ctx) 2. heat stable toxin (ST) of low molecular size and resistant to boiling for 30 minutes

 Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) infection of the human small intestine induces severe watery diarrhoea linked to a rather weak inflammatory response EPEC's in vivo causes disruption of the epithelial barrier function

 Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (E. coli O157:H7 causes hemorrhagic diarrhea, and occasionally to kidney failure, especially in young children and elderly persons. Transmission is via the fecal-oral route, and most illness has been associated with eating undercooked, contaminated ground beef or ground pork Produces verotoxin Associated with HEMOLYTIC UREMIC SYNDROME (HUS)

Culture of OH157: H7
Stool culture using SORBITOL McCONKEY AGAR (SMAC) OH157 produces colorless colonies

Enteroinvasive E. coli
Toxin is similar to Shigella toxin Produces bloody diarrhea There are no known animal reservoirs of EIEC. Hence the primary source for EIEC appears to be infected humans. infective dose of Shigella is low (in the range of 10 to few hundred cells), volunteer feeding studies showed that at least 106 EIEC organisms are required to cause illness in healthy adults.

 Unlike typical E. coli, EIEC are non-motile, do not decarboxylate lysine and do not ferment lactose. Pathogenicity of EIEC is primarily due to its ability to invade and destroy colonic tissue.

 Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) The distinguishing feature of EAEC strains is their ability to attach to tissue culture cells in an aggregative manner. These strains are associated with persistent diarrhea in young children similar to ETEC

 Uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) cause 90% of the urinary tract infections (UTI) in anatomicallynormal, unobstructed urinary tracts. P fimbria (or pyelonephritis-associated pili [PAP])- The adhesin that has been most closely associated with UPEC P fimbriae bind with D-galactose-D galactose residue on RBC surface and on uroepithelial cell surface

Escherichia coli colonies on EMB (Left) and McConkey Agar (Right)

Enterobacter aerogenes on EMB (Left) and McConkey (Right)

Flagellar stain of a Salmonella Typhi. Salmonella can be differentiated from Shigella on the bais of a motility test or a flagellar stain. (CDC)

Salmonella on EMB (Left) and McConkey (Right)

Table 1. Characteristics shared by most Salmonella strains belonging to subspecies I

Lactose negative; acid and gas from glucose, mannitol, maltose, and sorbitol; no Acid from adonitol, sucrose, salicin, lactose ONPG test negative (lactose negative) IMVIC - + - + Gelatin hydrolysis negative

 Lysine decarboxylase positive Urease negative Ornithine decarboxylase positive H2S produced from thiosulfate Do not grow with KCN Phenylalanine and tryptophan deaminase negative Gelatin Hydrolysis negative

 Salmonella sp. after 24 hours growth on XLD agar. Xylose Lysine (XL) agar supplemented with sodium thiosulfate, ferric ammonium citrate, and sodium deoxycholate, it is then termed XLD agar (CDC)

Colonial growth pattern displayed by Salmonella Typhimurium cultured on a Hektoen enteric (HEA) (CDC)

Shigella
S. dysenteriae Shigas bacillus S. flexneri Strongs bacillus S. boydi S. sonnei Sonne Duvals bacillus Cultural Characteristics: XLD- pink to red colonies HEA green to blue green colonies SSA colorless colonies

Photomicrograph of Shigella from a stool sample

( phototaken from wikipedia)

Swarming colonies of Proteus on EMB