Factor Smoking cigarettes Diet Obesity Stress

Effects Causes damage to the circulatory system A diet high in salt, saturated fats (fats from animals) or cholesterol Increases the risk of coronary artery disease Unmanageable stress or long term stress increases the risk of coronary artery disease if several family members have suffered from coronary heart disease

To reduce the risk Stop smoking Eat a balanced diet; oils from plants and fish Body weight at a suitable level and plenty of exercise Find ways to manage stress

genes

Reduce other risk factors; a healthy life-style

Substance

Source

Destination

notes

Water
Plasma proteins (fibrinogen & antibodies)

Absorbed in small intestine and colon

All cells

Excess is removed by the kidneys

Fibrinogen helps in blood clotting. Antibodies kill invading pathogens

Fibrinogen is made Remain in the blood in the liver. Antibodies are made by lymphocytes (WBC) Absorbed in the ileum. Also derived from fat reserves in the body To the liver, for breakdown. To adipose tissue, for storage. To respiring cells, as an energy source

Lipids including cholesterol and fatty acids

Breakdown of fats yields energy-heart muscle depends largely on fatty acids for its energy supply. High cholesterol levels in the blood increase the risk of developing heart disease

Substance

Source

Destination

notes

Carbohydrates (glucose)

Absorbed in the ileum. Also produced in the breakdown of glycogen in the liver

To all cells, for energy release by respiration

Excess glucose is converted to glycogen and stored in the liver

Excretory substances (urea) Mineral ions (calcium, sodium) Hormones

Produced by amino To kidneys for acid deamination excretion in the liver Absorbed in ileum and colon To all cells Excess ions are excreted by the kidneys Hormones only affec their target cells. Hormones are broken down by the liver, and their remains are excreted by the kidneys

Secreted into the To all parts of the blood by endocrine body glands

Substance

Source

Destination

notes

Dissolved gases (carbon dioxide)

Carbon dioxide is To the lungs for released by all cells excretion as a waste product of respiration

Most carbon dioxide is carried as hydrogencarbonate ions (HCO3-) in the blood plasma

1. Phagocyte moves toward a pathogen & flows around it

2. Phagocytes cells membrane fuses together; enclosing the pathogen in a vacuole

3. Enzymes are secreted digesting the pathogen

4. Soluble substances diffuse from vacuole into cytoplasm

1. A lymphocyte comes into contact with antigens

2. The lymphocyte divides to form many identical cells (mitosis)

3. The lymphocytes secrete antibodies

4. The antibodies bind to the antigens and destroy them