SD 360: DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES

1. INTRODUCTION

References
1.

British Standards Institution (2000) : BS 5950: Structural Use of Steel work in Building: Part 1.

2.

Code of Practice for design in simple and continuous construction: Rolled and Welded sections, British Standards Institution, London CP3: Chapter V, Loading Part 2: Wind Loads(1970)

References (Cont.)
3.

British Standards Institution (1984) : BS 6399: Loading of Buildings: Part 1: Dead and Imposed Loads. BSI, London

4. British Standards Institution (1990) : BS 5950: Structural Use of Steel work in Building: Part 3. Design in Composite construction Section 3.1 Code of Practice for design of simple and continuous composite Beams. BSI, London

References (Cont.)
5. L.J. Morris & D.R. Plum (1988): Structural Steelwork design to BS 5950 Longman Scientific & Technical , Singapore 6. T.J. MacGinley and T.C. Ang (1992), Structural Steelwork Design to Limit State Theory Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd. Oxford

1. Introduction
1.1 SCOPE OF STRUCTURAL STEEL WORK Structural Steel work involves: 1. Estimation of Loads 2. Analysis of the Structural Elements to determine the internal forces i.e. Bending Moments, Shear and Normal forces 3. Using Information obtained from (2) to design the structure. Design involves determining appropriate cross sections and laying down details of Connections. 4. Production of Working Drawings

1.2 Design Requirements

1.

Safety: The Whole Structure as well as individual structural members must meet safety requirements as stipulated in the codes of practice.

1.2 Design Requirements (cont.)

2. Performance: The structure must meet all serviceability requirements. This means all criteria which can affect the performance of the structure must be checked and whenever necessary remedial measures taken before fabrication. Example: Deflections must be within acceptable limits.

1.2 Design Requirements (cont.)

3. Economy: The design should be economic. It should be noted that an economic design does not result from finding the smallest structural size without considering other factors such as i. Difficulties of fabrication & erection ii. Availability of proposed sections iii. Available means of Transport iv. No site welding i.e. Welding has to be done in a workshop

1.2 Design Requirements (cont.)

4 Elegant Appearance: The complete structure as well as its smallest detail should be Elegant

1.3 The Concept of Limit State

Design

Limit States are concerned with Structural Safety and serviceability.

There are 2 Main Groups of Limit states: i. Ultimate Limit State ii. Serviceability Limit state

Ultimate Limit States

The Ultimate Limit States include:
1.

Limit State of Collapse: e.g.> Rupture of a critical section > Buckling of a Load bearing member Limit State of Local Damage e.g. Excessive Buckling of the web

2.

Ultimate Limit States (Cont.)

3.

Limit State of Fatigue: This Has to be considered if imposed load is predominantly cyclic e.g. Loading of a railway bridge.

4. Limit state of Fire Resistance. The following conditions must be considered: i. Resistance to Structural Collapse ii. Resistance to penetration of flames iii. Resistance to Heat transmission

Ultimate Limit States (Cont.)

5.

Limit State of Impact Resistance: This is to be considered whenever there is a high probability of shock loading e.g. earthquake loading.

Serviceability Limit States

These include 1. Limit state of deflection The Deflections should not impair the appearance or efficiency of the structure 2. Limit State of Vibrations: The Vibrations should neither cause discomfort or alarm or damage nor interfere with the proper function of the structure. 3. Limit State of Durability: Sometimes it is necessary to take special precautions against Corrosions

1.4 Partial Safety Factors

Safety factors f and m are used to allow for variations in the loading, and in the strength of the materials.

1.4 Partial Safety Factors (Cont.)

f : - It is applied to the loads - It is a product of two factors namely L and p - L: Covers the variability of loading - p : Covers the variability of Structural Performance - In BS 5950 the load factors (f )are given in Table 2

1.4 Partial Safety Factors (Cont.)

m:

- It is the material factor

- In BS 5950 it is taken as 1.0 because a suitable allowance has been made in the design strengths - Section 3.1.1 BS 5950 covers the design strengths for the material steel - Table 9 BS 5950 gives the Design strengths.

1.5 Loading
Guidelines for the load analysis are given in Section 2.2 of BS 5950 NOTE: All loads should be considered separately and in such realistic combinations as to comprise the most critical effects on the elements and structure as a whole.

Load Combination

Examples of Load Combinations

Load Type
Adverse

Dead
Adverse Beneficial

Imposed
Beneficial

wind

1. Dead and imposed 2. Dead and wind 3. Dead and Wind and Imposed

1.4 1.4

1.0 1.0

1.6 -

0 -

1.4

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.2