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HYPOTHALAUMS
It forms the anteroinferior wall and the floor of the third ventricle. It extends from optic chiasma to mamillary body
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Three groups of nuclei: Anteriotr or Preoptic group : lateral and medial preoptic nuclei, suproptic nucleus, suprachiasmatic nucleus, paraventricular nucleus and anterior nucleus. Middle or Tuberal: Ventromedial, dorsomedial, arcuate or tuberal nucleus, posterior and lateral nuclei. Posterior or Mammillary: supramammillary, premammillary, medial and lateral mammillary nuclei.
Nuclei of hypothalamus
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Amygdala and Hippocampus Frontal cortex Nucleus of tractus solitarius mid brain Reticular formation of brainstem Spinal cord Nervous connections with posterior pituitary and vascular connections with the anterior pituitary
Nervous connections with posterior pituitary and vascular connections with the anterior pituiatory:
Supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of hypothalamus secrete ADH and oxytocin. These hormones are transported along with their carrier proteins along the nerve fibers to the posterior pituitary where they are stored. These are the hormones of hypothalamoneurohypophyseal system. In the median eminence and infundibulum of the hypothalamus, there are sinusoids. Blood from these sinusoids pass through the hypophyseal portal blood vessels and these pass through the or communicate with the capillary plexus in the anterior pituitary.
FUNCTIONS OF HYPOTHALAMUS
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Secretion of posterior pituiatry hormones (paraventricular and supraoptic nucleus) Control of anterior pituitary (discrete areas) Control of adrenal cortex (paraventricular nucleus) Regulation of heart rate and blood pressure (posterior, lateral and anterior hypothalamus) Regulation of sleep and wakefulness (ant. Hypothalamus and mamillary body) Role in behaviour and emotional changes (ventromedial, post and lateral nuclei)
1. 2. 3. Reward centre: in ventromedial nucleus Punishment centre: Post. And lateral nuclei Rage centre: Post. And lateral nuclei.
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Regulation of response to smell (post. hypothalamus) Role of circadian rhythm (suprachiasmatic n, supraoptic and ant. nuclei)
DISORDERS OF HYPOTHALAMUS:
1. Central Diabetes insipidus: may be because of tumor or damage to hypothalamus.
Laurence-Moon-Beidl Syndrome
moon face, obesity, polydactylism, mental retardation, hypogentalism.
Narcolepsy: sudden uncontrollable desire for sleep during daytime. Cataplexy: sudden uncontroled outburts of emotions associated with narcolepsy.
THALAMUS
Major part of the diencephalon Medial wall makes the lateral wall of the 3rd ventricle Lateral surface is separated from lentiform nucleus by internal capsule It is divide into 3 parts by a Y-shaped internal medullary lamina: anterior, medial and lateral parts.
Anterior part:
Anterior thalamic nuclei
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Medial part:
Dorsomedial nucleus
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Lateral part:
Dorsal group:
Lateral dorsal Lateral posterior pulvinar Ventral anterior Ventral lateral Ventral posterior (VPL,VPM)
Ventral group:
VENTRAL POSTROLATERAL (VPL): receives nerve fibers from main sensory tracts (DCMLS, ALS) through medial and spinal leminisci. *** VENTRAL POSTROMEDDIAL (VPM): Receives fibers from trigeminal and gustatory pathway. ***
Functions of thalamus
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Main or principal sensory relay station*** Subcortical centre for pain*** Centre for sexual sensations. Thalamus helps to maintain the level of alertness and consciousness Anterior thalamic nuclei..parts of limibic system*** Also involved in the control of motor activity Involved in long-term memory process Involved in sleep mechanism
Thalamic syndrome
Due to degenration of ventral posterior (VPL, VPM) part of the thalamus resulting from thrombosis in a branch of posterior cerebral artery. Anterior and medial nuclei remain intact Features fo thalamic syndrome:
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Loss of all the somatic sensations from contralateral side of the body (touch, pain, temperature, proprioception, vibration) Ataxia due to loss of proprioception Astereognosis (inability to recognize the objects by the feel of their texture with closed eyes) Spontaneous burning or aching pain (resistant to analgesic drugs) Hyperalgesia (inc. pain sensitivity) Amelognosia (illusion that limb is absent)