The concept of planning new town development introduced in early 19th century that had been divided into

four types of concept which are Garden City Concept, Neighborhood Unit, parallel Town, Urban Land Use Model.

Found by Ebenezer Howard on 1902 with his book, Garden Cities of Tomorrow. The main objectives of Garden City concept is to overcome problems of congestion and increase in population.

Basic principles : Appearance - have one town and six Garden cities around that. Circulation circulation system for highway applied circle form. Size of the population : maximum size of population in Garden City is 32000 people, suitable for an area for 6000 acres. - when the population increased from 32000 it will form other new Garden. ## sketch gambar Population density for housing area, the population density is about 20 unit for every acre. Future Town Development concentric form which is the focus centre is located on the middle.

Layer on WARD Garden City : First layer : green area that called as centre of garden. Become as recreation area. second layer : have glass castle and promade where visitor came to take shelter. third layer: residential area and public facility such as school, field, church and other facilities. fourth layer : residential area with landscape garden around that. fifth layer : industrial activities such as factory and warehouse. fixed green area : located outside of the layer. provided for agriculture and farming.

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Found by Clarence Perry ( A Scheme Of Arrangement For The Family Life Community) Main objective is to repair social condition and town physical. Ideas from others Neighborhood unit : Clarence Stein Neighborhood Concept Jose Sert Neighborhood Concept Frank Lloyd Wrights neighborhood Concept

Basic principles : size : 5000 population ( 1 school), 160 acre (area for one unit neighborhood). Border : the function of main road around neighborhood unit is as a border . Free area : 10% provide as free area. Public facilities and institution : provide in the middle of neighborhood unit. Shops: to fulfill market purpose. the location is on the corner of four junction. Road network system: design as to prevent short road ( prevent from across neighborhood unit). Hierarchy of road width is 132 feet, 100 ft, 66ft, 50 ft, and 40 ft. Density: rough density for this system is about 5 unit house for every acre.

found by Cuidad Lineal in Madrid. Main objectives is to focus on town development with main road and other road system.

basic principles : size : 5000 people are suggested. Main transport system as an axis : development focus on main road. Road network system : connection area have width about 500 meter . for the main road, rezab for road is 40 meter while 20 meter for small road rezab. Rezab used to piping connection. residential housing : situated on the left side and right side of main transportation system. Limited only to 200 meter each side, followed by green area after that.

Proposed by a few of intelligent person in 19th century.

Central Zone Model : : An early idea from Ernest Burges. : An approach that had been used is sociology (development and social planning) : suggestion of 5 loop for land use (lukis gambar rajah) ZONE 1 : centre of district business . . truth central zone.. -support all economic activities, social and politics. .. central city area surrounded area.. -business activities has been carried out and if the area located near to the beach, it will turn into port. (lukis gambar rajah)

ZONE 2 : transition zone -known as characteristics changing land zone.

ZONE 3 : occupational residential zone -contained residential for factory staff, labour, and others. usually the residents are former residents from zone 2.
ZONE 4: moderate residential area -zone to place professional officer and middle group. the condition in this area more neat than previous zone. zone 5 : high class residential area -the most outer zone and located in the edge of town.

SECTOR MODEL : found by Homer Hoyt ZONE 1 : city centre of business district (lukis gambar) ZONE 2 : industrial -there is no residential area. activity carry out are trading and industrial. ZONE 3 : lower class residential -land used for lower class group. ZONE 4 : middle class residential -residential for middle class and more comfortable. ZONE 5 : high class residential -this type of group need more privacy and consist of high class people.

NUCLEUS MODEL found by Harris and Ullman : Four factor to show division of land used design : interrelated with activities and desire closed to physical factor. such as retail business, industrial area and etc. cluster economical activities. for example, retail business was placed in concentration area. various use of land not suitable to place in one area. in example, industrial and high cost residential area do not suitable to located nearer. relation factor between cost in site includes rent and value depend on economic activity carried out in town.

BASIC PROCESSES

Land Use Planning Is a Serious High Stakes Game It Has Rules, Resources, and Dynamics It Is Based on Competition Between Stakeholders, Players, and Managers Its Outcome is Opportunity

Market Oriented Players

Real Estate Developers Builders Bankers Land Owners Investors

The Special Interests

Individual Owners Neighborhoods Coalitions Environmentalists Special Interest Groups

Government Interests

Federal State Regional Local The Political Actors The Public

The Planners

Current Planners Regulatory Planners Advance Planners Transportation Planners Facilities Planners Civil Engineers Urban Designers

In Theory, the system is governed by a set of rational studies that yield a best solution for efficient land use In Practice, the system is continuously in conflict, under tension, near warfare In Actuality, the only moderating influence is the rules of the game composed of legal and governance systems

Active land use planning affects the development market by:

Identifying land available for development Limiting type, location, timing, density Programming support infrastructure Allocating public and private costs Creating standards and review policies

The Planner Really Is:

Growth manager Change agent Mediator Conflict manger Facilitator for Compromise The Expert

Land Use Planning:

Starts with a vision- what is the good life? Constantly demands the futurity of present decisions A sense of trends and futures A commitment to equity Smartness Always evaluating past experience

A mature understanding that the future is not someplace we arrive it is a journey. That there are no solutions only tough choices

Ability to Think Comprehensively Technical Competence Fairness Consensus Building Innovation Advocacy

One The Challenge Concept

Balance Three Competing Sets of Land Values

Social Market Environmental

Step Two

The effort to influence the direction of land use change. Carried out through the preparation and implementation of future land use policies and plans through review, approval, and concurrency

Step Three Monitoring the on-going process of change in our client communities. Following the stocks and flows of urbanization and ruralization and estimating the impact of these incremental changes on land use

Step Four
The rational model The incremental model The Strategic Model The Trans-Active Model

Views Planning as a branch of applied science uses technology and applied rational tools to arrive at best solution.

Planner lists all actions and opportunities Identify all the consequences following from above Select that action that has the most preferred consequences

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2.
3.

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a well-defined problem; a full array of alternatives to consider; full baseline information; complete information about the consequences of each alternative; full information about the values and preferences of citizens; and full adequate time, skill, and resources.

Basic Ideas
Planning is perceived as a psycho/political process Planner focuses only on those problems that differ incrementally from existing policies Small # of policy alternatives are considered Only important consequences are studied There is no one right decision but a whole array of possible attacks on the problem

Basic concepts

Origins in military then transferred to corporate and public agencies Key element is to achieve competitive advantage Short term orientation to discover the core competencies of the organization S.W.O.T

Step Five Understanding Land Change

Political Economy Models Good City Form Models Land Market Theories Intervention models (Regulations]

Step Six Balancing Community Form Vitality support for community form through appropriate infrastructure

Sense Residents perception of space Fit Match between space and activity Efficiency Maintaining control

Step Seven Social/physical neighborhood

Core organizing device of land use planning Defensive area Most responsive to local needs Social information and control Bounded Area

Step Eight Market Forces

Land Use Outcomes are the result of private market forces influenced by governmental policies Market substitution Market failure and the cost of suppression Concept of attractive and repelative force

Step Nine Environment As An Economic Asset

Integrity and Sustainability Preservation vs. Conservation Land suitability and capacity without undergoing irreversible change Mitigation

Step 10 The Planners Values

Practice values often are conditional and situational rather than general The underpinnings of these values are: Participation Balance Constructing alternatives

#1

Intelligence Gathering, organizing, analyzing, and distributing information to stakeholders. Alerts decision-makers to conditions, trends, and projections in land development and market trends

#2

Advance Plan Making The most traditional function; consists of intermediate and long range planning. Involves goal setting defining future desirable land use patterns that balance social, market, and environmental needs.

#3

Problem Solving Brush Fire Planning Addressing issues not anticipated in advance planning. It is responsive not anticipatory. It coordinates and isolates the many features arising from community issues

#4

Managing Development The day-to-day management, enforcement, policy-making, regulations of the land use program. Involves sanctions, rewards, site review in other words all aspects of implementation of plans.

Why are high rises in the centre of cities? Because that is where land is most expensive. Each individual square metre has to be used for maximum profit. High rise buildings help solve this. Economic rent decreases as you travel from CBD.

Different zones based on economic rent and maximising profit from land.

Very simple pattern of concentric circles. Stop and Think Can you think of factors which add complexity to such a simple model?

LAND/TOPOGRAPHY

WATER BODIES

TRANSPORT ROUTES

PLANNING

Similar to concentric zone model but with wedges of similar land use along transport lines.

Shows more complexity than Burgess model. Recognises that cities can change new transport routes can alter the morphology and land use. Stop and Think What is the advantage of locating a business on a main road? What are some examples of sectors of industry and retail radiating along the main roads in Wagga?

More complex model involving the development of urban areas around preexisting villages.

Each village will develop on economic activities and social attractiveness. More than one CBD, although one will be dominant Stop and Think How does Canberra fit the multiple nuclei model? Where are Waggas secondary nuclei located? Why do you think they are there? Which one is likely to grow the most in the future? Why?

Complex interaction of housing, ethnicity, economic activity and physical space.

Ethnicity cells of different ethnic origin eg. Vietnamese in Cabramatta, Jewish in Eastern Suburbs Residential Housing (and usually families too) get younger the further from the centre. Economics Sectors of different commercial, industrial and services aggregated from centre. Physical infrastructure, topography and water bodies.